Progress Amid Resistance

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JORDAN 22112“Jordan: Government Adopts Anti–Human Trafficking Law,” Integrated RegionalInformation Networks (IRIN), January 27, 2009, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=82587; Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, Trafficking inPersons Report 2009 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 2009), http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/index.htm.13“Jordan: Project Launched to Fight Violence Against Women,” IRIN, September 12,2007, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74255.14Rana Husseini, “52 Women Seeking Legal Guidance Contact Complaint Office,”Jordan Times, February 12, 2009, http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=14230.15Musa Shtwei, Economic Marginalization of the Jordanian Woman (UNIFEM, 2008), 16,http://www.unifem.org.jo/Attachments/1358/5b8a9df3-0fb9-4606-a938-9bc1ef67355d.pdf (in Arabic).16According to the report, “Rather than contributing to the family economy and nationaleconomic growth, an abused woman is more likely to be less productive and will haveneeds that require greater social spending on hospitals, police, courts, and crisis responsesystems.” See Layla Naffa, Fatima al-Dabbas, Afaf Jabiri, and Nour al-Emam, ShadowNGO Report to CEDAW Committee Jordan: Evaluation of National Policy, Measures andActual Facts on Violence Against Women (Karama Network of Jordan, July 2007), http://www.iwraw-ap.org/resources/pdf/39_shadow_reports/Jordanian_SR_2.pdf.17Jordan Department of Statistics, Jordanian Woman in Numbers (Amman: Departmentof Statistics, March 2009), http://www.dos.gov.jo/sdb_pop/sdb_pop_e/ehsaat/alsokan/wom_in/home_w4.htm.18Noncitizens must pay higher fees to access government schools, particularly at the universitylevel.19Jordan Department of Statistics, Jordanian Woman in Numbers. See also http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/king.htm.20Hani Hazaimeh, “Women Contribute 8 Percent of GDP,” Jordan Times, March 10,2008, http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=6308.21Hani Hazaimeh, “Women Contribute 8 Percent of GDP.”22Jordan Department of Statistics, Jordanian Woman in Numbers.23Musa Shtwei, Economic Marginalization, 16.24World Bank, “GenderStats—Create Your Own Table,” http://go.worldbank.org/MRER20PME0.25Article 56, Social Security Law (Law No. 19 of 2001), http://www.ssc.gov.jo/english.26Amnesty International, Isolated and Abused, 2–3.27Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “Jordan,” in 2008 Country Reportson Human Rights Practices (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 2009), http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/nea/119118.htm .28Taylor Luck, “Women’s Participation in Islamist Parties on the Rise—Study,” JordanTimes, February 18, 2009, http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=14384.29UNIFEM, “Table 9,” in Jordanian Women’s Participation in Political Life: An AnalyticalStudy of the Performance of Female Deputies in the 14th Parliament of 2003 (UNIFEM,2007), 45, http://unifem.org.jo/Attachments/1124/5cb902a9-8653-430d-8859-9f6b86cb8c3d.pdf.
222 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA30Taylor Luck, “Women’s Participation.”31Combined Third and Fourth Reports of States Parties: Jordan, 61.32Layla Naffa, Shadow NGO Report, 13.33Layla Naffa, Shadow NGO Report, 13.34Dalya Dajani, “Focus on Family Planning Essential to Further Reduce Fertility Rates,”Jordan Times, November 19, 2008, http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=12232.35Health Law No. 20 of 1971, Section 62[a]. Prior approval by two physicians is necessary,as is the signed consent of the pregnant women unless she is incapacitated, at which pointher husband or guardian must consent in her place.36See World Bank, “GenderStats—Create Your Own Table.”37Dalya Dajani, “Social Norms, Gender Preference Hindering Family Planning,” JordanTimes, July 21, 2008, http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=9451.
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women’s rightsin the middle easta
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Published by Rowman & Littlefield P
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCompletion of the W
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SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSFreedom House St
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SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSxiEgyptNehad Abu
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HARD-WON PROGRESS AND A LONG ROAD A
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APPENDIXSUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY COUN
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APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY CO
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24 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE E
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•★algeriaby Nadia MarzoukiPOPUL
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ALGERIA 31objections of human right
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ALGERIA 33Civil laws and policies a
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ALGERIA 35the father and the mother
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ALGERIA 37Women are permitted to tr
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ALGERIA 39travel abroad with their
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ALGERIA 41International organizatio
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ALGERIA 43negative stereotypes and
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ALGERIA 45Algerian women are free t
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ALGERIA 47the effort should address
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ALGERIA 49Few women hold leadership
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ALGERIA 51SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHT
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ALGERIA 5316 percent work for weekl
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ALGERIA 5511The group is named afte
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ALGERIA 5741See Algerian National C
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★•egyptby Mariz TadrosPOPULATIO
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EGYPT 91included crucial steps towa
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EGYPT 93Activists continue to chall
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EGYPT 95F The government and NGOs s
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EGYPT 97Under the Muslim personal s
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EGYPT 99a husband or father can sti
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EGYPT 101by legislation and other m
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EGYPT 103virtually defenseless to s
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EGYPT 105working at establishments
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EGYPT 107F The most pressing needs
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EGYPT 109mayor in Egypt, presiding
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EGYPT 111sweeping powers to repress
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EGYPT 113urban quarters populated b
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EGYPT 115households are necessarily
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EGYPT 11715The religious breakdown
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EGYPT 11950Egyptian Center for Wome
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•★iranby Nayereh TohidiPOPULATI
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IRAN 123Assembly, or Majlis) to mak
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IRAN 125Under Shari‘a, the lawful
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IRAN 127the last two years alone, 6
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IRAN 129because she has acted as le
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IRAN 131domicile of a married woman
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IRAN 133girls turn seven, but the a
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IRAN 135judiciary, Ali Reza Jamshid
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IRAN 137anger management, domestic
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IRAN 139dominance” to a foreigner
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IRAN 141F To improve female labor-f
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IRAN 143from the events, ending the
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IRAN 145change discriminatory laws,
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IRAN 147F All political parties sho
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IRAN 149chador (an all-encompassing
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IRAN 151The Politics of Women’s R
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IRAN 15328See International Campaig
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IRAN 15567Rebecca Santana, “Women
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★iraqby Huda AhmedPOPULATION: 30,
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IRAQ 159At the same time, due to th
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IRAQ 161instances of honor killings
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IRAQ 163lawmakers, judges, and lawy
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IRAQ 165discriminate against women;
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IRAQ 167large numbers. Non-Muslim m
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IRAQ 169in 2006 that there were som
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Page 186 and 187: ECONOMIC RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNI
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Page 198 and 199: IRAQ 185guardians. This is less of
Page 200 and 201: IRAQ 187protect the family union. T
Page 202 and 203: IRAQ 1895In 2006, Prime Minister Nu
Page 204: IRAQ 19143Amit R. Paley, “For Kur
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272 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE
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★•libyaby Alison PargeterPOPULA
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LIBYA 285An independent women’s r
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LIBYA 287Libya’s judicial system
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LIBYA 289of Discrimination against
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LIBYA 291is also uncomfortable with
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LIBYA 293op portunities are compell
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LIBYA 295father; judges tend to use
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LIBYA 297medicine, and business. Wo
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LIBYA 299Article 95 of the Labor La
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LIBYA 301F The government should en
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LIBYA 303the post for women’s aff
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LIBYA 305of six months in prison. A
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LIBYA 3073Principle 21 of the Great
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LIBYA 30939Human Rights Watch, “E
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★•moroccoby Fatima SadiqiPOPULA
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MOROCCO 313The final text was adopt
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MOROCCO 315Moroccan women married t
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MOROCCO 317progressive legislation
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MOROCCO 319implementation of the ne
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MOROCCO 321involuntary servitude, t
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MOROCCO 323with participation rates
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MOROCCO 325that can be performed at
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MOROCCO 327Morocco is a constitutio
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MOROCCO 329They are also helping ru
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MOROCCO 331child to undergo medical
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MOROCCO 333running water, and schoo
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MOROCCO 33520Mohamed Ennaji, Servin
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★omanby Rafiah al-TaleiPOPULATION
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OMAN 339rights. The Omani Women’s
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OMAN 341exempted from penalty altog
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OMAN 343Men are financially respons
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OMAN 345fines. Several workshops ha
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OMAN 347courts may judicially enfor
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OMAN 349employees and only 17.1 per
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OMAN 351Women occupy only 5.15 perc
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OMAN 353F The government should all
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OMAN 355The poor in Oman are entitl
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OMAN 3575The White Book: The Basic
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palestinePALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ANDI
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PALESTINE 361percent complete, have
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PALESTINE 363Some of the laws draft
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PALESTINE 365the testimony of one m
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PALESTINE 367the principles of gend
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PALESTINE 369guardian, or wali, exe
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PALESTINE 371murder. When a marriag
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PALESTINE 373F The PLC should intro
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PALESTINE 375equal learning opportu
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PALESTINE 377like the Palestinian W
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PALESTINE 379organizations, and esp
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PALESTINE 381Article 27 guarantees
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PALESTINE 383Only 50.2 percent of m
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PALESTINE 385The WCLAC has establis
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PALESTINE 387for Women with the Uni
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PALESTINE 389Life: Occupation and S
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PALESTINE 391Report.aspx?ReportId=7
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PALESTINE 39370World Bank, “Gende
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PALESTINE 395the Gaza Strip Due to
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★qatarby Julia Breslin and Toby J
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QATAR 399organization established i
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QATAR 401assimilated into the new c
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QATAR 403to personal freedom and sa
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QATAR 405F To encourage women’s r
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QATAR 407woman’s freedom of movem
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QATAR 409Violence against women has
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QATAR 411unrelated men, however, wi
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QATAR 413they have the necessary sk
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QATAR 415public affairs, promised l
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QATAR 417While the media environmen
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QATAR 419is permitted in the first
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QATAR 421NOTES1Annual Report on the
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QATAR 42333Sigma Huda, Mission to B
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★saudi arabiaby Eleanor Abdella D
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SAUDI ARABIA 427justice for both me
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SAUDI ARABIA 429Saudi Arabia lacks
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SAUDI ARABIA 431AUTONOMY, SECURITY,
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SAUDI ARABIA 433guardian of the int
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SAUDI ARABIA 435headed by judges wi
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SAUDI ARABIA 437they are often accu
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SAUDI ARABIA 439plan period by incr
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SAUDI ARABIA 441ac cidents happen.
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SAUDI ARABIA 443later removed from
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SAUDI ARABIA 445a few women put the
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SAUDI ARABIA 447F Women should be a
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SAUDI ARABIA 449While women do part
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SAUDI ARABIA 451according to the 19
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SAUDI ARABIA 45333“Consideration
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SAUDI ARABIA 455schools for girls.
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SAUDI ARABIA 457.pdf; “Mortality
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★united arabemiratesby Serra Kird
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 519from emirat
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 521cases invol
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 523(divorce th
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 525remarry, sh
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 527Initiative,
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 529Emirati wom
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 531against dis
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 533F In an eff
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 535positions w
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 537fetus would
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 539home. Rathe
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 54111Country P
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 54348“Women
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METHODOLOGYINTRODUCTIONWomen’s Ri
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METHODOLOGY 579on the strengthening
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONSINTERPRETIVE GUI
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5835. To what e
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5853. To what e
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588 SCORING SYSTEMA rating of 2 cha
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590 ABOUT FREEDOM HOUSEF Action. Th
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