Progress Amid Resistance

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IRAN 15567Rebecca Santana, “Women in Iran’s Protests: Headscarves and Rocks,” As soci ated Press,June 24, 2009, www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5 hkzosTgK3ner6HkyGtGYXjNNo9vQD9918E0G0.68See Zhila Baniyaghoob, “Zanan der dowran-e riyasat jomhouri-ye Mohammad Khatami”[Women During the Presidency of Mohammad Khatami], Gooya News, 3 Shahrivar1384/2005.69Inter Parliamentary Union, 1988 Majlis election, Islamic Republic of Iran, www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/IRAN_1988_E.PDF.70See International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, “Report on the Status ofWomen Human Rights Defenders.”71The women were Nahid Mirhaj, Aida Saadat, Nafiseh Azad, Nasrin Sotoudeh, JelveJavaheri, Jila Baniyagoub, Sarah Loghmani, Farideh Ghaeb, and Alieh Motalebzadeh.72The women arrested were Delaram Ali, Khadijeh Moghadam, Leila Nazari, FarkhondehEhtesabian, Mahboubeh Karami, Bahara Behravan, Ali Abdi, Amir Rashidi, MohammadShoorab, Arash Nasiri Eghbali, Soraya Yousefi, and Shahla Forouzanfar.73For more on Zanan, see Nayereh Tohidi, Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East andNorth Africa, 2nd edition, ed. Philip Matter (Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA,2004), vol. 4, 2423–24.74For information on this particular coalition see: http://www.feministschool.com/spip.php?article246175See Homa Hoodfar, “Activism Under the Radar: Volunteer Women Health Workers inIran,” Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) 39, no. 250 (Spring 2009):56–60.76Farokhzad Jahani, Iran Daily 9, no. 2698 (January 15, 2004): 13, www.parstimes.com/law/abortion_law.html; United Nations, “Abortion Policies—A Global Review, Iran(Islamic Republic of),” (New York: United Nations, 2002), www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/profiles.htm.77See Article 489 of the penal code; Ebadi, Hoqouq-e Zan, 134.78Golnaz Esfandiari, “Female Genital Mutilation Said to Be Widespread in Iraq’s,Iran’s Kurdistan,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 10, 2009, www.rferl.org/content/Female_Genital_Mutilation_Said_To_Be_Widespread_In_Iraqs_Irans_Kurdistan/1507621.html.79Amnesty International, Women’s Rights Defenders Defy Repression (London: AmnestyInternational, 2007), 2, www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE13/018/2008/63dd8933-e16d-11dc-9135-058f98b1fb80/mde130182008eng.pdf.80Examples include the Women’s Cultural Center, led by Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani,Mansoureh Shojaee, and others; the Training Center for Women’s NGOs, led byMahboubeh Abbasqoli-zadeh; the Rahi Center, led by Shadi Sadr; and the Associationof Health Advocates, led by Rezvan Moghadam.81See Farideh Ghaeb, “Zanani ke az faqr ranj mibarand” [Women Who Suffer fromPoverty], Kanoon Zanan Irani, (Esfand 1387/February 2008), www.irwomen.info/spip.php?article7067.82See Mehdi Afrouzmanesh, “Roshd zanan khod-foroush . . .” [The Growing ProstitutionAmong Educated and Married Women], Azar 1387/November 2008, www.irwomen.info/spip.php?article6557.
156 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA83See Nayereh Tohidi, “The International Connections of the Women’s Movement inIran: 1979–2000,” in Iran and the Surrounding World: Interaction in Culture and CulturalPolitics, ed. Nikki Keddie and Rudi Matthee (Seattle: University of Washington Press,2002), 205–231.84See Shahin Navaeei, Avaye Zan no. 38/39 (Winter 1999): 18, and Arash no. 100(October 2007): 161.
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women’s rightsin the middle easta
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Published by Rowman & Littlefield P
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCompletion of the W
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SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSFreedom House St
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SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSxiEgyptNehad Abu
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HARD-WON PROGRESS AND A LONG ROAD A
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APPENDIXSUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY COUN
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APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY CO
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24 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE E
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•★algeriaby Nadia MarzoukiPOPUL
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ALGERIA 31objections of human right
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ALGERIA 33Civil laws and policies a
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ALGERIA 35the father and the mother
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ALGERIA 37Women are permitted to tr
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ALGERIA 39travel abroad with their
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ALGERIA 41International organizatio
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ALGERIA 43negative stereotypes and
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ALGERIA 45Algerian women are free t
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ALGERIA 47the effort should address
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ALGERIA 49Few women hold leadership
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ALGERIA 51SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHT
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ALGERIA 5316 percent work for weekl
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ALGERIA 5511The group is named afte
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ALGERIA 5741See Algerian National C
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★•egyptby Mariz TadrosPOPULATIO
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EGYPT 91included crucial steps towa
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EGYPT 93Activists continue to chall
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EGYPT 95F The government and NGOs s
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EGYPT 97Under the Muslim personal s
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EGYPT 99a husband or father can sti
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EGYPT 101by legislation and other m
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EGYPT 103virtually defenseless to s
Page 118 and 119: EGYPT 105working at establishments
Page 120 and 121: EGYPT 107F The most pressing needs
Page 122 and 123: EGYPT 109mayor in Egypt, presiding
Page 124 and 125: EGYPT 111sweeping powers to repress
Page 126 and 127: EGYPT 113urban quarters populated b
Page 128 and 129: EGYPT 115households are necessarily
Page 130 and 131: EGYPT 11715The religious breakdown
Page 132 and 133: EGYPT 11950Egyptian Center for Wome
Page 134 and 135: •★iranby Nayereh TohidiPOPULATI
Page 136 and 137: IRAN 123Assembly, or Majlis) to mak
Page 138 and 139: IRAN 125Under Shari‘a, the lawful
Page 140 and 141: IRAN 127the last two years alone, 6
Page 142 and 143: IRAN 129because she has acted as le
Page 144 and 145: IRAN 131domicile of a married woman
Page 146 and 147: IRAN 133girls turn seven, but the a
Page 148 and 149: IRAN 135judiciary, Ali Reza Jamshid
Page 150 and 151: IRAN 137anger management, domestic
Page 152 and 153: IRAN 139dominance” to a foreigner
Page 154 and 155: IRAN 141F To improve female labor-f
Page 156 and 157: IRAN 143from the events, ending the
Page 158 and 159: IRAN 145change discriminatory laws,
Page 160 and 161: IRAN 147F All political parties sho
Page 162 and 163: IRAN 149chador (an all-encompassing
Page 164 and 165: IRAN 151The Politics of Women’s R
Page 166 and 167: IRAN 15328See International Campaig
Page 170 and 171: ★iraqby Huda AhmedPOPULATION: 30,
Page 172 and 173: IRAQ 159At the same time, due to th
Page 174 and 175: IRAQ 161instances of honor killings
Page 176 and 177: IRAQ 163lawmakers, judges, and lawy
Page 178 and 179: IRAQ 165discriminate against women;
Page 180 and 181: IRAQ 167large numbers. Non-Muslim m
Page 182 and 183: IRAQ 169in 2006 that there were som
Page 184 and 185: IRAQ 171bribed the police officer.
Page 186 and 187: ECONOMIC RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNI
Page 188 and 189: IRAQ 175calls for equal pay and ben
Page 190 and 191: IRAQ 177will study. They may send t
Page 192 and 193: IRAQ 179not to place their posters
Page 194 and 195: IRAQ 181only those who had been jud
Page 196 and 197: IRAQ 183activist was not so lucky.
Page 198 and 199: IRAQ 185guardians. This is less of
Page 200 and 201: IRAQ 187protect the family union. T
Page 202 and 203: IRAQ 1895In 2006, Prime Minister Nu
Page 204: IRAQ 19143Amit R. Paley, “For Kur
Page 207 and 208: 194 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE
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206 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE
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★•libyaby Alison PargeterPOPULA
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LIBYA 285An independent women’s r
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LIBYA 287Libya’s judicial system
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LIBYA 289of Discrimination against
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LIBYA 291is also uncomfortable with
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LIBYA 293op portunities are compell
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LIBYA 295father; judges tend to use
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LIBYA 297medicine, and business. Wo
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LIBYA 299Article 95 of the Labor La
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LIBYA 301F The government should en
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LIBYA 303the post for women’s aff
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LIBYA 305of six months in prison. A
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LIBYA 3073Principle 21 of the Great
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LIBYA 30939Human Rights Watch, “E
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★•moroccoby Fatima SadiqiPOPULA
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MOROCCO 313The final text was adopt
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MOROCCO 315Moroccan women married t
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MOROCCO 317progressive legislation
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MOROCCO 319implementation of the ne
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MOROCCO 321involuntary servitude, t
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MOROCCO 323with participation rates
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MOROCCO 325that can be performed at
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MOROCCO 327Morocco is a constitutio
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MOROCCO 329They are also helping ru
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MOROCCO 331child to undergo medical
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MOROCCO 333running water, and schoo
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MOROCCO 33520Mohamed Ennaji, Servin
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★omanby Rafiah al-TaleiPOPULATION
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OMAN 339rights. The Omani Women’s
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OMAN 341exempted from penalty altog
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OMAN 343Men are financially respons
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OMAN 345fines. Several workshops ha
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OMAN 347courts may judicially enfor
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OMAN 349employees and only 17.1 per
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OMAN 351Women occupy only 5.15 perc
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OMAN 353F The government should all
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OMAN 355The poor in Oman are entitl
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OMAN 3575The White Book: The Basic
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palestinePALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ANDI
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PALESTINE 361percent complete, have
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PALESTINE 363Some of the laws draft
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PALESTINE 365the testimony of one m
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PALESTINE 367the principles of gend
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PALESTINE 369guardian, or wali, exe
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PALESTINE 371murder. When a marriag
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PALESTINE 373F The PLC should intro
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PALESTINE 375equal learning opportu
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PALESTINE 377like the Palestinian W
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PALESTINE 379organizations, and esp
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PALESTINE 381Article 27 guarantees
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PALESTINE 383Only 50.2 percent of m
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PALESTINE 385The WCLAC has establis
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PALESTINE 387for Women with the Uni
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PALESTINE 389Life: Occupation and S
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PALESTINE 391Report.aspx?ReportId=7
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PALESTINE 39370World Bank, “Gende
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PALESTINE 395the Gaza Strip Due to
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★qatarby Julia Breslin and Toby J
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QATAR 399organization established i
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QATAR 401assimilated into the new c
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QATAR 403to personal freedom and sa
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QATAR 405F To encourage women’s r
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QATAR 407woman’s freedom of movem
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QATAR 409Violence against women has
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QATAR 411unrelated men, however, wi
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QATAR 413they have the necessary sk
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QATAR 415public affairs, promised l
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QATAR 417While the media environmen
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QATAR 419is permitted in the first
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QATAR 421NOTES1Annual Report on the
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QATAR 42333Sigma Huda, Mission to B
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★saudi arabiaby Eleanor Abdella D
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SAUDI ARABIA 427justice for both me
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SAUDI ARABIA 429Saudi Arabia lacks
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SAUDI ARABIA 431AUTONOMY, SECURITY,
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SAUDI ARABIA 433guardian of the int
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SAUDI ARABIA 435headed by judges wi
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SAUDI ARABIA 437they are often accu
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SAUDI ARABIA 439plan period by incr
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SAUDI ARABIA 441ac cidents happen.
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SAUDI ARABIA 443later removed from
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SAUDI ARABIA 445a few women put the
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SAUDI ARABIA 447F Women should be a
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SAUDI ARABIA 449While women do part
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SAUDI ARABIA 451according to the 19
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SAUDI ARABIA 45333“Consideration
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SAUDI ARABIA 455schools for girls.
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SAUDI ARABIA 457.pdf; “Mortality
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★united arabemiratesby Serra Kird
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 519from emirat
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 521cases invol
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 523(divorce th
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 525remarry, sh
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 527Initiative,
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 529Emirati wom
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 531against dis
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 533F In an eff
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 535positions w
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 537fetus would
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 539home. Rathe
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 54111Country P
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 54348“Women
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METHODOLOGYINTRODUCTIONWomen’s Ri
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METHODOLOGY 579on the strengthening
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONSINTERPRETIVE GUI
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5835. To what e
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CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5853. To what e
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588 SCORING SYSTEMA rating of 2 cha
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590 ABOUT FREEDOM HOUSEF Action. Th
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