Progress Amid Resistance

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METHODOLOGY 579on the strengthening or weakening of women’s rights is also examined,as is the treatment of both citizen and noncitizen women. The narrativeshighlight both major obstacles to women’s rights and the consistentachievements and forward-looking strategies made possible by eitherthe state or the efforts of non-state actors. Finally, the survey presents ahuman rights and democracy–oriented review of women’s needs and prioritiesdefined by women in the region, obstacles and challenges to theirfreedom, and recommendations for effective promotion and protectionof women’s rights.Review by Regional ExpertsUpon completion of the country reports by the writers, each narrative andits corresponding proposed ratings were reviewed and critiqued by senioradvisors. Most of the experts live in the countries they reviewed, givingthem particular insight into the nuances and factual realities of the country.They are all renowned scholars and activists who specialize in women’srights, law, democracy issues, gender studies, and sociology.Ratings Review Meetings and Consultations in the RegionFreedom House convened two regional review meetings attended by thesenior project advisors. The first was held in September 2008 in the UnitedArab Emirates (UAE), and the second was held in October 2009 in Jordan.During these meetings, country scores were scrutinized and debated ina group setting, thereby promoting cross-regional coherence within thescoring process. Moreover, Freedom House staff traveled to Bahrain,Egypt, Kuwait, the UAE, and Jordan to conduct in-depth consultationswith women’s rights activists and advocates, civil society leaders, scholars,and government officials. These on-the-ground consultations focused onthe particular issues assessed in the survey narratives, and the results wereused to hone the country narratives and final report recommendations.RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe writers were asked to draft concrete recommendations for the improvementof women’s rights within the five key areas under review. These recommendationsfocus on urgent issues and address national governments,international policymaking institutions, and domestic and internationalwomen’s rights organizations.
580 METHODOLOGYThe publication will be widely disseminated in Arabic and Englishthroughout the MENA region and the world. Target audiences for thesurvey include women’s rights advocates, civil society organizations, themedia, and policymakers in the countries under review. Freedom Housewill also make the publication easily accessible to international institutions,NGOs, educational institutions, and global media through its website.
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women’s rightsin the middle easta
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Published by Rowman & Littlefield P
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSCompletion of the W
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SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSFreedom House St
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SURVEY CONTRIBUTORSxiEgyptNehad Abu
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HARD-WON PROGRESS AND A LONG ROAD A
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APPENDIXSUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY COUN
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APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS BY CO
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24 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE E
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•★algeriaby Nadia MarzoukiPOPUL
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ALGERIA 31objections of human right
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ALGERIA 33Civil laws and policies a
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ALGERIA 35the father and the mother
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ALGERIA 37Women are permitted to tr
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ALGERIA 39travel abroad with their
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ALGERIA 41International organizatio
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ALGERIA 43negative stereotypes and
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ALGERIA 45Algerian women are free t
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ALGERIA 47the effort should address
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ALGERIA 49Few women hold leadership
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ALGERIA 51SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHT
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ALGERIA 5316 percent work for weekl
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ALGERIA 5511The group is named afte
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ALGERIA 5741See Algerian National C
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★•egyptby Mariz TadrosPOPULATIO
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EGYPT 91included crucial steps towa
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EGYPT 93Activists continue to chall
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EGYPT 95F The government and NGOs s
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EGYPT 97Under the Muslim personal s
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EGYPT 99a husband or father can sti
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EGYPT 101by legislation and other m
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EGYPT 103virtually defenseless to s
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EGYPT 105working at establishments
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EGYPT 107F The most pressing needs
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EGYPT 109mayor in Egypt, presiding
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EGYPT 111sweeping powers to repress
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EGYPT 113urban quarters populated b
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EGYPT 115households are necessarily
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EGYPT 11715The religious breakdown
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EGYPT 11950Egyptian Center for Wome
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•★iranby Nayereh TohidiPOPULATI
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IRAN 123Assembly, or Majlis) to mak
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IRAN 125Under Shari‘a, the lawful
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IRAN 127the last two years alone, 6
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IRAN 129because she has acted as le
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IRAN 131domicile of a married woman
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IRAN 133girls turn seven, but the a
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IRAN 135judiciary, Ali Reza Jamshid
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IRAN 137anger management, domestic
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IRAN 139dominance” to a foreigner
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IRAN 141F To improve female labor-f
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IRAN 143from the events, ending the
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IRAN 145change discriminatory laws,
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IRAN 147F All political parties sho
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IRAN 149chador (an all-encompassing
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IRAN 151The Politics of Women’s R
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IRAN 15328See International Campaig
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IRAN 15567Rebecca Santana, “Women
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★iraqby Huda AhmedPOPULATION: 30,
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IRAQ 159At the same time, due to th
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IRAQ 161instances of honor killings
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IRAQ 163lawmakers, judges, and lawy
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IRAQ 165discriminate against women;
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IRAQ 167large numbers. Non-Muslim m
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IRAQ 169in 2006 that there were som
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IRAQ 171bribed the police officer.
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ECONOMIC RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNI
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IRAQ 175calls for equal pay and ben
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IRAQ 177will study. They may send t
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IRAQ 179not to place their posters
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IRAQ 181only those who had been jud
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IRAQ 183activist was not so lucky.
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IRAQ 185guardians. This is less of
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IRAQ 187protect the family union. T
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IRAQ 1895In 2006, Prime Minister Nu
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IRAQ 19143Amit R. Paley, “For Kur
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194 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE
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★•libyaby Alison PargeterPOPULA
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LIBYA 285An independent women’s r
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LIBYA 287Libya’s judicial system
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LIBYA 289of Discrimination against
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LIBYA 291is also uncomfortable with
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LIBYA 293op portunities are compell
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LIBYA 295father; judges tend to use
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LIBYA 297medicine, and business. Wo
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LIBYA 299Article 95 of the Labor La
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LIBYA 301F The government should en
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LIBYA 303the post for women’s aff
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LIBYA 305of six months in prison. A
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LIBYA 3073Principle 21 of the Great
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LIBYA 30939Human Rights Watch, “E
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★•moroccoby Fatima SadiqiPOPULA
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MOROCCO 313The final text was adopt
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MOROCCO 315Moroccan women married t
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MOROCCO 317progressive legislation
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MOROCCO 319implementation of the ne
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MOROCCO 321involuntary servitude, t
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MOROCCO 323with participation rates
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MOROCCO 325that can be performed at
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MOROCCO 327Morocco is a constitutio
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MOROCCO 329They are also helping ru
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MOROCCO 331child to undergo medical
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MOROCCO 333running water, and schoo
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MOROCCO 33520Mohamed Ennaji, Servin
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★omanby Rafiah al-TaleiPOPULATION
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OMAN 339rights. The Omani Women’s
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OMAN 341exempted from penalty altog
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OMAN 343Men are financially respons
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OMAN 345fines. Several workshops ha
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OMAN 347courts may judicially enfor
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OMAN 349employees and only 17.1 per
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OMAN 351Women occupy only 5.15 perc
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OMAN 353F The government should all
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OMAN 355The poor in Oman are entitl
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OMAN 3575The White Book: The Basic
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palestinePALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ANDI
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PALESTINE 361percent complete, have
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PALESTINE 363Some of the laws draft
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PALESTINE 365the testimony of one m
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PALESTINE 367the principles of gend
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PALESTINE 369guardian, or wali, exe
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PALESTINE 371murder. When a marriag
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PALESTINE 373F The PLC should intro
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PALESTINE 375equal learning opportu
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PALESTINE 377like the Palestinian W
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PALESTINE 379organizations, and esp
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PALESTINE 381Article 27 guarantees
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PALESTINE 383Only 50.2 percent of m
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PALESTINE 385The WCLAC has establis
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PALESTINE 387for Women with the Uni
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PALESTINE 389Life: Occupation and S
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PALESTINE 391Report.aspx?ReportId=7
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PALESTINE 39370World Bank, “Gende
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PALESTINE 395the Gaza Strip Due to
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★qatarby Julia Breslin and Toby J
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QATAR 399organization established i
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QATAR 401assimilated into the new c
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QATAR 403to personal freedom and sa
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QATAR 405F To encourage women’s r
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QATAR 407woman’s freedom of movem
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QATAR 409Violence against women has
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QATAR 411unrelated men, however, wi
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QATAR 413they have the necessary sk
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QATAR 415public affairs, promised l
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QATAR 417While the media environmen
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QATAR 419is permitted in the first
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QATAR 421NOTES1Annual Report on the
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QATAR 42333Sigma Huda, Mission to B
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★saudi arabiaby Eleanor Abdella D
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SAUDI ARABIA 427justice for both me
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SAUDI ARABIA 429Saudi Arabia lacks
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SAUDI ARABIA 431AUTONOMY, SECURITY,
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SAUDI ARABIA 433guardian of the int
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SAUDI ARABIA 435headed by judges wi
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SAUDI ARABIA 437they are often accu
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SAUDI ARABIA 439plan period by incr
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SAUDI ARABIA 441ac cidents happen.
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SAUDI ARABIA 443later removed from
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SAUDI ARABIA 445a few women put the
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SAUDI ARABIA 447F Women should be a
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SAUDI ARABIA 449While women do part
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SAUDI ARABIA 451according to the 19
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SAUDI ARABIA 45333“Consideration
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SAUDI ARABIA 455schools for girls.
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SAUDI ARABIA 457.pdf; “Mortality
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★united arabemiratesby Serra Kird
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 519from emirat
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 521cases invol
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 523(divorce th
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 525remarry, sh
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 527Initiative,
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Page 559 and 560: 546 WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE
Page 590 and 591: METHODOLOGYINTRODUCTIONWomen’s Ri
Page 594 and 595: CHECKLIST QUESTIONSINTERPRETIVE GUI
Page 596 and 597: CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5835. To what e
Page 598: CHECKLIST QUESTIONS 5853. To what e
Page 601 and 602: 588 SCORING SYSTEMA rating of 2 cha
Page 603 and 604: 590 ABOUT FREEDOM HOUSEF Action. Th
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