Keewatin v. Minister of Natural Resources

Table of ContentsivThe Interests of the Ojibway/What the Ojibway Knew.......................................................... 1011. Whether They Needed a Treaty ...................................................................................... 1012. Whether They Understood They Would Be Required to Change Their Way of Life .... 104The Ojibway Understanding of What They Were Being Asked to Give Up...................... 105The Meaning of the Harvesting Clause .................................................................................. 108What did the Ojibway and the Commissioners Understand on October 3 about whetherMorris' October 1 Proposal was Accepted? Had it been Superseded by a Different Promiseby the time the Treaty was Signed on October 3? .............................................................. 108The Promise of Ammunition and Twine ............................................................................ 110The Nolin Note ................................................................................................................... 110Dawson's Post-Treaty Recollections of the Treaty Negotiations relevant to the Intent andMeaning of the Harvesting Clause...................................................................................... 114Why Did Morris Refer to the Dominion Government in the Harvesting Clause?.............. 117The Meaning of "Taking Up" ............................................................................................. 120Evidence Relevant to the Interpretation of the Understanding of the Parties in 1873 withregard to the Identity of the Treaty Parties ............................................................................. 121The Interests of Ontario .......................................................................................................... 1319. CREDIBILITY OF THE EXPERTS ...................................................................................... 131The Ethno-Historical Witnesses (Lovisek, Chartrand and Von Gernet) ................................ 131Lovisek................................................................................................................................ 131Chartrand............................................................................................................................. 134Von Gernet.......................................................................................................................... 141The Historical & Political Witnesses...................................................................................... 145Milloy.................................................................................................................................. 145Saywell................................................................................................................................ 146Vipond................................................................................................................................. 14610. FINDINGS OF FACT, PART 1 ........................................................................................... 147Findings re Interests of Canada .............................................................................................. 147Findings re Interests of Ojibway............................................................................................. 153Re The 1869 Demands........................................................................................................ 155Findings re The Harvesting Clause......................................................................................... 156The Ojibway Understanding of the Harvesting Clause at the Time the Treaty was Signed............................................................................................................................................. 156Finding re Understanding of Canada re Likely Compatibility of Traditional Harvesting andAnticipated Euro-Canadian Land Uses............................................................................... 160Finding re Were the Harvesting Promises Broadened on October 3, 1873/Did the OjibwayAccept Morris' October 1, 1873 Proposal? Had the Commissioners Amended it by October3, 1873?............................................................................................................................... 160Why Did Morris Mention the Dominion in the Harvesting Clause?.................................. 165Did the Ojibway Understand and Accept that Canada Could Interfere with Their TreatyHarvesting Rights?.............................................................................................................. 167Findings Re The Parties' Understanding with respect to the Identity of the Treaty Parties ... 170The Ojibway's Understanding on the Identity of the Treaty Parties................................... 170Canada's Understanding on Identity of the Treaty Parties.................................................. 1762011 ONSC 4801 (CanLII)