Varian Linatron High-Energy X-ray Applications 2007
Varian Linatron High-Energy X-ray Applications 2007
Varian Linatron High-Energy X-ray Applications 2007
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Table of Contents<br />
Page<br />
I Introduction 3<br />
II Characteristics of <strong>High</strong>-<strong>Energy</strong> Radiation 5<br />
Advantages of <strong>High</strong>-<strong>Energy</strong> X-<strong>ray</strong>s 5<br />
Generation of <strong>High</strong>-<strong>Energy</strong> X-<strong>ray</strong>s 5<br />
Measurement of <strong>High</strong>-<strong>Energy</strong> X-<strong>ray</strong>s 5<br />
Target Characteristics 5<br />
Radiation Absorption and Scattering in the Object 6<br />
Half-Value Layer and <strong>Energy</strong> Selection 7<br />
Half-Value Thickness versus <strong>Energy</strong> Spectrum 8<br />
III <strong>Linatron</strong> Radiographic Characteristics 9<br />
General Description 9<br />
X-<strong>ray</strong> Quality 9<br />
Field Coverage, Beaming, and Field Flatness 9<br />
• Field Coverage<br />
• Beaming and Field Flatness<br />
IV Theory, Variables, and Practices in<br />
<strong>Linatron</strong> Radiography 13<br />
Radiographic Setup 13<br />
• Collimation<br />
• Source-to-Film Distance<br />
• Object Placement and Image Formation<br />
• D/T Ratio, Magnification, and Image Sharpness<br />
• Reducing Scattered Radiation<br />
• Blocking<br />
• Lead Intensifying Screens as Filters<br />
• Filters<br />
• Film Holders<br />
Intensifying Screens 16<br />
• Metal Foil Screens<br />
• Metal-Phosphor Screens<br />
X-Ray Film Characteristics 18<br />
• Film Properties and Classification<br />
• Speed<br />
• Contrast and the Film Characteristic Curve<br />
• Multifilm Techniques<br />
Definition and Unsharpness 22<br />
Sensitivity and Image Quality 24<br />
• Thickness Sensitivity<br />
• Wire Penetrameter Sensitivity<br />
• Drilled Hole Plaque Penetrameter Sensitivity<br />
• Radiographic Sensitivity<br />
Exposure Curves 25<br />
• Method for Generating Exposure Curves<br />
• Latitude<br />
• Exposure Times and Material Densities<br />
• Using Film Response Curves to Generate<br />
New Exposure Curves<br />
• Increasing Latitude with Multiple Film Use<br />
Page<br />
V Radiographic Procedures 40<br />
General Considerations 40<br />
• Records and Logs<br />
• Exposure Room Equipment<br />
Castings Radiography 41<br />
• Radiographic Coverage<br />
• Layout and Marking<br />
• Casting Radiographic Procedures<br />
- Radiography of Flanges<br />
- Radiography of Valve Bodies<br />
Radiography of Welds 44<br />
• Radiographic Coverage<br />
- Circumferential Butt Welds<br />
- T-Sections<br />
• Design and Placement of Image Quality Indicators<br />
• Defect Location<br />
Radiography of Rocket Motors 47<br />
• Motor Attitude and Support Equipment<br />
• Rocket Motor Radiographic Procedures<br />
• Grain Radiography Coverage Requirements<br />
• Tangential Radiography<br />
• Tangential Radiography Coverage Requirements<br />
Assembly Radiography 51<br />
VI Bibliography 52<br />
VII <strong>High</strong>-<strong>Energy</strong> Real-Time Radiographic Imaging 53<br />
VIII Glossary 59
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