Report on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive

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Appendix C: Breath-Hold IncidentCase <strong>Report</strong>sCase Study #1A 28-year-old female experienced competitivefreediver was attempting a world record divein the Carribean in the No-Limits discipline.Weather had been poor and delayed theattempt until the afternoon, where conditionswere still not optimal. She rode the sled downto the record depth of 561 feet (169 meters),and filled the lift bag that she would ride backto the surface. She had problems completelyfilling the bag, and on her ascent, at around394 feet (118 meters), she became unconsciousand began to float away from the ascent line.A series of safety divers carried her to thesurface. She remained underwater for eightminutes and 40 seconds, exceeding theanticipated three minutes and 30 seconds.C a rdiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) wasunsuccessfully performed on the surface. Thecause of death was determined to be drowning,and several factors were noted as contributingto the accident: the rough sea thatadversely affected the lines traveled by thesled and inadequate lift provided by the liftbag.Case Study #2A 22-year-old male decided to go freedivinglate one evening with two friends in a freshwaterspring. His remained in the water afterhis friends tired of swimming and returned toshore. Some time later, his friends noticed thathis light was no longer visible on the surface.They called for help, and a diver donnedscuba gear to search the area. The victim wasfound at approximately 35 ffw (feet of freshwater; 11 mfw, or meters of fresh water). CPRwas performed on the surface, but he neverAppendix C: Breath-Holding Incident Case <strong>Report</strong>sregained consciousness. Cause of death wasdetermined to be drowning. Before the incident,the decedent had been seen drinking.Case Study #3Spearfishing with two friends off a boatanchored at 65 fsw / 20 msw, this 14-year-oldmale was observed to develop diff i c u l t i e swhile nearing the surface on his ascent. Hebegan to sink back down in the water. He didnot release his weight belt. His companionsdived into the water but were unable to reachhim. The others flagged down a boat with adiver on board. The diver recovered the victim’sbody at approximately 65 fsw.Case Study #4An 18-year-old male was recreationally freedivingwith a friend off a boat on a shallowocean reef approximately 100 yards / 92meters from shore. The experienced freediversused the one up and one down system to monitoreach other. After approximately one hourof alternating dives, the victim made a dive to60 fsw / 18 msw. His partner noticed littlemovement during the first 30 seconds of thedive and became concerned at about 45 seconds.The anxiety of the event compromisedthe partner’s freediving ability; he could notreach the victim. He then called for help, andcounty fire rescue divers recovered the victim.He had been submerged for more than 20 minutes.He did not regain consciousness.Case Study #5Two men, one 74 years old and the other 79years old, were diving for lobster approximately100 yards offshore one afternoon. BothDAN’s <strong>Report</strong> on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive Exploration: 2004 Edition 129
Appendix C: Breath-Holding Incident Case <strong>Report</strong>swere struck by a boat passing at high speed.The 74-year-old, struck by the hull, was mildlyinjured. The 79-year-old, struck by the propeller,was killed. A passenger on the boatindicated that she did not see the snorkelersuntil the last moment when they surfaceddirectly in front of the boat. The snorkelerswere not using a divers down flag.Case Study #6Two experienced male divers, one 33 years oldand the other 77 years old, went abalone divingin rough conditions. The 77-year-old hadbeen working all day and was tired from theoutset. The men began in a partially protectedcove, but bystanders observed a current carryingthe older diver offshore. The youngerdiver swam out to assist him but was onlyable to bring him part of the way to shoreb e f o re letting go. The younger diver thenswam toward a rock and disappeared fromview behind it. He was later seen floating.Divers later retrieved both bodies.Case Study #7A 44-year-old male, on vacation in the SouthPacific, was snorkeling when stung by a memberof the rare species of Irukandji jellyfish.The venom causes a rapid rise in blood pressureand a cerebral hemorrhage. There is currentlyno anti-venom available for the sting.The victim died after more than two weeks inthe hospital.Case Study #8This 48-year-old male, snorkeling late oneevening from the beach, separated from thosewho traveled with him to the beach. About anhour later, friends on shore saw the diver’slight underwater. Rescue services recoveredhis body. An autopsy determined the death tobe the result of a blocked coronary artery.Marked enlargement of the heart and narrowingof multiple coronary vessels wasobserved.Case Study #9Two males entered the water at approximately4:45 p.m. from an anchored boat to freedivefor abalone off the coast. Shortly after entering,one of the men felt a pressure wavebeneath him and, looking down, saw a largedorsal fin. After dropping his weight belt andswimming rapidly back to the boat, he turnedto see only a large pool of blood in the water.His partner’s body was re c o v e red shortlythereafter at 15 fsw / 3 msw. An autopsy confirmedthat a great white shark had caused theinjuries.Case Study #10A 1 6 - y e a r-o ld male, spearfishing from ananchored boat at approximately 90 fsw / 27msw with a friend, became entangled in boththe spearfishing line and the anchor line.Because of the depth, his partner could notassist him. After about 45 minutes underwater,he was brought to the surface by a diverfrom a passing boat. Resuscitation attemptswere unsuccessful.Case Study #11A 21-year-old male spent the day with friendsoffshore on a boat, enhjoying in a variety ofwater sports. To do some late afternoonspearfishing, he tied a speargun to a float andentered the water. He surfaced with a fish andsaid he was going down for another he hadjust seen. His friends became concerned whenthey noticed that his float was no longer moving.When they pulled the float up, they foundthe still-loaded speargun. The victim’s bodywas recovered two days later at 80 fsw / 24msw close to the dive site.Case Study #12 – Non-fatalA 3 3 - y e a r-o ld male and a partner wereabalone diving when the condition of thewind and seas unexpectedly intensified. Thepair decided to swim to shore. Once on the130DAN’s <strong>Report</strong> on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive Exploration: 2004 Edition
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Report on Decompre
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1. INTRODUCTIONDivers Alert Network
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Section 1. Introduction1.3 Diving F
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2.2 PDE 2003This report includes da
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Section 2 - Project Dive Exploratio
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Figure 2.4-2 describes the breathin
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Figures 2.5-2 and 2.5-3 indicate th
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Towards the end of the series, PDE
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Case #2The diver was a 29-year-old
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3. Dive InjuriesSection 3 - Dive In
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Section 3 - Dive InjuriesFigure 3.1
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Section 3 - Dive Injuriesmost sever
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Section 3 - Dive Injuries3.3 Physic
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Section 3 - Dive Injuries3.4 Charac
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Section 3 - Dive InjuriesDays in Di
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4. Dive FatalitiesDeath while divin
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Section 4 - Dive FatalitiesFigure 4
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Section 4 - Dive FatalitiesOur data
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Page 140 and 141: NotesDAN’s Report</strong
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