The Impact of the Andean Trade Preference Act Twelfth ... - USITC

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(table 4-1, figure 4-1). 306 Net coca cultivation in the ATPA region in the past three years(2003-2005) reflects its lowest level since the ATPA program began in 1991.Bolivia and Peru initiated major forced coca eradication campaigns in 1997 and 1996,respectively, that reduced their illegal net coca cultivation by 57 percent in Bolivia from1998 to 2000 and by 66 percent in Peru from 1997 to 2000. During this time, roughly 1995-2000, coca cultivation in Colombia expanded by some 170 percent as coca farmers(cocaleros) planted new fields in areas controlled by antigovernment rebels. In 1999,Colombia began its counterinsurgency and counternarcotics campaign—PlanColombia—which included U.S. assistance with aerial eradication of drug crops through theuse of herbicides. According to U.S. Government estimates, coca cultivation in Colombiafell from a peak of 169,800 hectares in 2001 to 105,400 hectares in 2005, a decrease ofnearly 38 percent, as a result of intensive eradication efforts, especially aerial spraying. 307In contrast to recent reductions in Colombia between 2001 and 2005, during the same periodcoca cultivation expanded 33 percent in Bolivia, to 26,500 hectares, and 18 percent in Peru,to 38,000 hectares. Nonetheless, coca cultivation in these two countries remains at levels farbelow those of a decade ago, at nearly one-half the peak level in the case of Bolivia and onethirdin the case of Peru.Although this chapter focuses on coca cultivation, it should be noted that opiumpoppies—the raw material used to produce heroin—are also cultivated in Colombia and, toa lesser extent, in Peru. 308Country Profiles on Eradication and Alternative Developmentduring 2005BoliviaEvo Morales, founder of the Bolivian cocalero movement, was elected president inDecember 2005 with support from coca grower associations. These farmers’ unions havebecome increasingly active in challenging government coca reduction programs, which306 A hectare is a metric unit of area, 100 meters by 100 meters or 10,000 square meters, equivalent to2.47 acres in English measure.307Office of National Drug Control Policy, “2005 Coca Estimates for Colombia,” press release, Apr. 14,2006, found at http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/news/press06/041406.html, retrieved Apr. 18, 2006.However, the 2005 U.S. survey of Colombia also expanded its survey area, revealing coca cultivationpreviously unaccounted for.308 Most of the heroin used in the United States comes from poppies grown in Colombia and Mexico,although opium gum production in these countries accounts for less than 4 percent of the world’s totalproduction. U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, p. 12. Although there is no official estimate of poppycultivation in Colombia for 2005, the CNC estimates a steady decline in poppy cultivation in Colombia from6,540 hectares in 2001, to 4,900 hectares in 2002, to 4,400 hectares in 2003, to a major decrease to 2,100hectares in 2004. CNC, Major Illicit-Drug-Producing Nations–Cultivation and Production Estimates,2000-04, July 2005. Although no official U.S. cultivation estimate is available for 2005, Colombian lawenforcement and alternative development program teams estimate their eradication efforts at 2,000 hectaresof poppy eradicated in 2005. U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, p. 12.4-4
Table 4-1 Coca cultivation and eradication in the ATPA countries, in hectares, 1991-2005Year Bolivia a Colombia Ecuador b Peru Total cTotal cultivation1991 .............. 53,388 38,472 120 120,800 212,7801992 .............. 48,652 38,059 0 129,100 215,8111993 .............. 49,597 40,493 0 108,800 198,8901994 .............. 49,158 49,910 0 108,600 207,3681995 .............. 54,093 59,650 0 115,300 229,0431996 .............. 55,612 72,800 0 95,659 224,0711997 .............. 52,826 98,500 0 72,262 223,5881998 .............. 49,621 N/A 0 58,825 N/A1999 .............. 38,799 165,746 0 52,500 257,0452000 .............. 27,253 183,571 0 37,900 248,7242001 .............. 29,335 254,051 0 36,000 319,3862002 .............. 33,439 267,145 0 41,700 342,2842003 .............. 33,200 246,667 0 40,563 320,4302004 .............. 33,037 250,651 0 37,839 321,5272005 .............. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AEradication1991 .............. 5,488 972 80 0 6,5401992 .............. 3,152 959 0 0 4,1111993 .............. 2,397 793 0 0 3,1901994 .............. 1,058 4,910 0 0 5,9681995 .............. 5,493 8,750 0 0 14,2431996 .............. 7,512 5,600 0 1,259 14,3711997 .............. 7,026 19,000 0 3,462 29,4881998 .............. 11,621 N/A 0 7,825 N/A1999 .............. 16,999 43,246 0 13,800 74,0452000 .............. 7,653 47,371 0 6,200 61,2242001 .............. 9,435 84,251 0 3,900 97,5862002 .............. 11,839 122,695 0 7,000 141,5342003 .............. 10,000 132,817 0 11,313 154,1302004 .............. 8,437 136,551 0 10,339 155,3272005 .............. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/ANet cultivation1991 .............. 47,900 37,500 40 120,800 206,2401992 .............. 45,500 37,100 0 129,100 211,7001993 .............. 47,200 39,700 0 108,800 195,7001994 .............. 48,100 45,000 0 108,600 201,7001995 .............. 48,600 50,900 0 115,300 214,8001996 .............. 48,100 67,200 0 94,400 209,7001997 .............. 45,800 79,500 0 68,800 194,1001998 .............. 38,000 101,800 0 51,000 190,8001999 .............. 21,800 122,500 0 38,700 183,0002000 .............. 19,600 136,200 0 31,700 187,5002001 .............. 19,900 169,800 0 32,100 221,8002002 .............. 21,600 144,450 0 34,700 200,7502003 .............. 23,200 113,850 0 29,250 166,3002004 .............. 24,600 114,100 0 27,500 166,2002005 .............. 26,500 105,400 0 38,000 169,900Source: United States Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International NarcoticsControl Strategy Report - 2006, March 2006 and CNC, Major Illicit-Drug-Producing Nations – Cultivation and Production Estimates,2000-04, July 2005, White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, “2005 Coca Estimates for Colombia,” press release, Apr.14, 2006.Note: N/A indicates data not available.Also, in previous INCSR reports, net cultivation plus eradication estimates would sum to total cultivation; however, no totalcultivation or eradication data were published in the current INCSR 2006 issue due to differences in how net cultivation anderadication are estimated. Total cultivation figures shown may also vary slightly from figures published in previous INCSR issuesdue to data revisions.a Beginning in June 2001, U.S. Government aerial surveys of net coca cultivation in Bolivia began to cover the 12-month periodbeginning in June rather than the 12-month period beginning in January to take better advantage of weather conditions.b Ecuador eliminated its small area of coca cultivation by 1992.c Total is the simple sum of data for all four ATPA countries where available.4-5
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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PREFACEThe submission of this study
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Trade-Related Activities in 2005•
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Organization of the ReportThis chap
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actions to withdraw or suspend coun
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textile and apparel articles made i
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duty-free entry are identical—a C
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analysis assumes that the supply of
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$11.1 billion in 2005 compared with
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Table 2-2 Leading U.S. imports for
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and 9.5 percent in 2004 to 7.7 perc
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2-8Table 2-5 U.S. imports for consu
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2-10Table 2-6 Leading U.S. imports
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2-12Table 2-7 Leading U.S. imports
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Table 2-8 Textiles and apparel: U.S
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Virtually all flower imports from t
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The 2005 list of leading imports un
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Table 2-9 U.S. imports for consumpt
Page 50 and 51: 2-22Table 2-10 Leading U.S. imports
Page 52 and 53: cathodes, four apparel products, on
Page 54 and 55: 2-26Table 2-11 U.S. exports to ATPA
Page 56 and 57: 2-28Table 2-12 Leading U.S. exports
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2-5U.S. exports to ATPA coun
Page 60 and 61: EcuadorThe growth rate of the Ecuad
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 3ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ATPA ON
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Page 69 and 70: Table 3-3 Leading imports that bene
Page 71 and 72: Table 3-5 Estimated displacement ef
Page 73 and 74: more in 2004. 132 Asparagus and cut
Page 75 and 76: esulted in greater availability of
Page 77 and 78: In recent years, some U.S. growers
Page 79 and 80: U.S. sales of domestically produced
Page 81 and 82: Table 3-6 Foreign direct investment
Page 83 and 84: product quality at the volumes requ
Page 85 and 86: $314 million purchase by Phillip Mo
Page 87 and 88: Industry sources attribute the slow
Page 89 and 90: place will have a devastating effec
Page 91 and 92: textile and apparel machinery and t
Page 93 and 94: Textile and Apparel SectorPeru has
Page 95: could begin producing the high-end
Page 98 and 99: Role of ATPA in Counternarcotics Ef
Page 102 and 103: Figure 4-1Net Coca Cultivation in t
Page 104 and 105: to other forms of legal justice. Th
Page 106 and 107: ulk of funding for the plan between
Page 108 and 109: Alternative DevelopmentThe USAID al
Page 111: APPENDIX AFederal Register NoticeA-
Page 114 and 115: 27278 Federal Register / Vol. 71, N
Page 117 and 118: American Chamber of Commerce of Per
Page 119 and 120: Government of Colombia—Colombian
Page 121: Peruvian Asparagus Importers Associ
Page 125: Technical Notes to Chapter 3:Partia
Page 128 and 129: (1)N(Q a /Q a N) = (1+t)ε aa(2)N(Q
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