The Impact of the Andean Trade Preference Act Twelfth ... - USITC

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Figure 4-1Net Coca Cultivation in the ATPA Region, 1991-2005250200Thousand hectares1501005001991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Bolivia Colombia Peru TotalSource: State Department, INCSR 2006, Mar. 1, 2006; CIA/CNC revisions for 2000-2004, July 2005;ONDCP, "2005 Coca Estimates for Colombia," Apr. 14, 2006.they say limit the economic advancement of their rural indigenous majority. 309 In thiscontext, net coca cultivation in Bolivia expanded 8 percent in 2005, the fourth consecutiveyear of increase, to 26,500 hectares, a result of both hindered eradication in the Chapareregion as well as expanding cultivation in the Yungas region. 310Coca cultivation has been shifting within Bolivia from the lowland Chapare region to themountainous Yungas region. Many coca growers in the Chapare region have migrated to theYungas region in response to the forced coca eradication program begun under formerPresident Banzer (1997-2001), despite complementary alternative development programs forproviding legal substitute crops along with supporting assistance and infrastructure. Violentdemonstrations by Chapare coca growers in 2004 and 2005 over forced eradication werequieted when the government agreed to suspend or temporarily slow its eradication policyin the Chapare region, as well as agreed to grant greater local participation in governmentdecisions involving alternative development programs in the region. Although forcederadication has continued since the original Banzer program, subsequent administrations309U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, pp. 11-12.310U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, p. 90; and U.S. Department of State telegram, “Revision:Bolivia: 2006 USITC ATPA/ATPDEA Impact Report,” message reference No. 1691, prepared by U.S.Embassy, La Paz, June 22, 2006, par. 6.4-6
since 2001 have maintained only “a holding action” with respect to coca eradication in theChapare region. 311In the Yungas region, the Bolivian government has met with limited success in its ability tocurb increased coca cultivation. 312 In 2005, violent opposition by coca growers in the Yungasregion has prevented forced eradication there by the government, and alternativedevelopment programs that were successful in the tropical lowlands of the Chapare regionhave proven difficult to adapt to the mountainous highlands of the Yungas region. As aconsequence, the U.S. Embassy reports that the Bolivian government has achieved noreduction in coca cultivation in the Yungas region to date. 313Alternative DevelopmentThe USAID alternative development program in the Chapare region aims to strengthen thelegal economy by improving the competitiveness of rural enterprises, building more effectivelocal institutions, and improving basic public services and social conditions. 314 Alternativedevelopment projects have been widely accepted in the Chapare region, including growinglegal crops of bananas, cocoa, coffee, pineapple, and palm heart for export. 315 The alternativedevelopment program has significantly raised the income of farmers there, 316 with net familyincome from legal production in the Chapare region rising from roughly $1,706 in 2000 toan estimated $2,667 in 2005. 317 More recently, alternative development programs in theChapare region are moving toward a greater focus on local participation by municipalitiesin the development, implementation, and monitoring of these programs. By the end of fiscalyear 2006, USAID alternative development support, coupled with the government’s AgrarianReform Institute, will help pass legal title for land to the farmers of approximately 30 percentof the 30,000 properties in the Chapare region in an effort to clarify legal land ownership,which is anticipated to encourage legal agricultural production rather than illicit cropcultivation. 318Alternative development in the Yungas region first aims to improve citizen participation inmunicipal government; to strengthen government oversight regulating land rights issues,such as land distribution from state-owned lands to private ownership; and to improve access311 U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, pp. 90-91.312U.S. Department of State telegram, “Bolivia’s Eradication Efforts: ‘Best Efforts’ May Not Be Enoughin the Future,” message reference No. 241, prepared by U.S. Embassy, La Paz, Jan. 25, 2005.313U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, pp. 90-91; U.S. Department of State telegram, “Bolivia’sEradication Efforts: ‘Best Efforts’ May Not Be Enough in the Future,” message reference No. 241, preparedby U.S. Embassy, La Paz, Jan. 25, 2005.314 U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, p. 90.315Ibid.; U.S. Department of State telegram, “Bananas Lead the Way for Sustaining a Licit Economy inBolivia’s Chapare,” message reference No. 2772, prepared by U.S. Embassy, La Paz, Sept. 13, 2005; U.S.Department of State telegram, “Chapare Road Blockades Exact Heavy Economic Loss,” message referenceNo. 902, prepared by U.S. Embassy, La Paz, Mar. 17, 2005. A number of alternative development productsthat receive trade preferences under ATPA also receive trade preferences under the GSP (e.g., palm hearts)or enter the United States unconditionally free of duty under MFN/NTR rates (e.g., bananas, coffee).316U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, p. 90.317 U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, p. 92, and previous issues. In contrast, net family income in theYungas region was estimated at $1,711 in 2005. GDP per capita income in Bolivia in 2005 wasapproximately $940. The USAID Chapare Alternative Development Program began in 1997, whereas theUSAID Yungas Development Initiative began in 2000. Comparable figures for net family income in theYungas region are not available for 2000.318 U.S. Department of State, INCSR 2006, p. 92.4-7
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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PREFACEThe submission of this study
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Trade-Related Activities in 2005•
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Organization of the ReportThis chap
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actions to withdraw or suspend coun
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textile and apparel articles made i
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duty-free entry are identical—a C
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analysis assumes that the supply of
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$11.1 billion in 2005 compared with
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Table 2-2 Leading U.S. imports for
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and 9.5 percent in 2004 to 7.7 perc
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2-8Table 2-5 U.S. imports for consu
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2-10Table 2-6 Leading U.S. imports
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Table 2-8 Textiles and apparel: U.S
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Virtually all flower imports from t
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The 2005 list of leading imports un
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Table 2-9 U.S. imports for consumpt
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Page 52 and 53: cathodes, four apparel products, on
Page 54 and 55: 2-26Table 2-11 U.S. exports to ATPA
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Page 104 and 105: to other forms of legal justice. Th
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Page 108 and 109: Alternative DevelopmentThe USAID al
Page 111: APPENDIX AFederal Register NoticeA-
Page 114 and 115: 27278 Federal Register / Vol. 71, N
Page 117 and 118: American Chamber of Commerce of Per
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Page 125: Technical Notes to Chapter 3:Partia
Page 128 and 129: (1)N(Q a /Q a N) = (1+t)ε aa(2)N(Q
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