U.S. Navy Ship Salvage Manual Volume 6 - Oil Spill Response

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S0300-A6-MAN-060Spilled oil is acted upon by natural processes that occur more or less simultaneously, although theprocesses proceed at very different rates. These processes lead to the removal of oil from thewater surface and its eventual accommodation by the environment. The main processes acting onspilled oil are:• Spreading• Evaporation• Dispersion• Dissolution• Emulsification• Oxidation• Microbial degradation• Sinking• ResurfacingNearly all the processes cause chemical or physical changes in the oil. The natural processes andresulting changes in the oil characteristics are collectively called weathering. Many of the changesfrom weathering help response efforts. Weathering of oil on water is much more complex thanweathering of oil on land because of the dynamics of water movement and exposure to the elements.The specific processes that contribute to weathering of spilled oil are described in the followingparagraphs. Figure 2-2 is a graphical representation of the weathering processes. Figure2-3 shows the relative impact and time span of these natural processes.Oils may be categorized as either persistent or nonpersistent. Persistent oils remain on the sea surfacefollowing a spill and require response activity for removal. Nonpersistent oils tend to dissipatewithout assistance, requiring less human intervention following such a spill. Crude oils andrefined residual oils are persistent oils. Nonpersistent oils include gasoline; naphtha; kerosene;Diesel Fuel, Marine (DFM); and other diesel fuels. Nonpersistent oils are typically more toxic tomarine life than persistent oils and safety concerns regarding vapors given off from nonpersistentoils may limit offensive response measures.2-3.1 Spreading. The initial and very visible process of spreading of spilled oil can last as longas 10 days for a very large spill. Spreading thins the oil slick to a few millimeters or less. Rate ofspreading depends upon the volume of oil spilled, the duration of the spill and physical characteristicsof the spilled oil, particularly pour point, viscosity and surface tension.Low-viscosity oils spread more rapidly than high-viscosity oils. Spilled oils at temperaturesbelow their pour point spread very little.2-8
S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 2-2. Various Processes Taking Place After an Oil Spill.Figure 2-3. Time Span and Relative Importance of Processing Acting on an Oil Spill.2-9
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S0300-A6-MAN-0600910-LP-256-9800U.S
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S0300-A6-MAN-060TABLE OF CONTENTSCh
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S0300-A6-MAN-0602-3.1.8 Resurfacing
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S0300-A6-MAN-0603-9.1 Demobilizatio
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S0300-A6-MAN-0605-2.4 Sorbents . .
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S0300-A6-MAN-0607-3.2.1 Primary (Gr
Page 13 and 14: S0300-A6-MAN-060DEFC-2.2.8 Emergenc
Page 15 and 16: S0300-A6-MAN-060H CONVERSION TABLES
Page 17 and 18: S0300-A6-MAN-060LIST OF ILLUSTRATIO
Page 19 and 20: S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure Title Page7-
Page 21 and 22: S0300-A6-MAN-060STANDARD NAVY SYNTA
Page 23 and 24: S0300-A6-MAN-060GLOSSARYACRONYMS AN
Page 25 and 26: S0300-A6-MAN-060NCEL . . . . . . .
Page 27 and 28: S0300-A6-MAN-060DEFINITIONSAccessor
Page 29 and 30: S0300-A6-MAN-060Expansion trunk or
Page 31 and 32: S0300-A6-MAN-060Membrane. The conti
Page 33 and 34: S0300-A6-MAN-060Specific gravity. R
Page 35 and 36: S0300-A6-MAN-060BIBLIOGRAPHYNavy Po
Page 37 and 38: S0300-A6-MAN-060Aaeration 7-6aircra
Page 39 and 40: S0300-A6-MAN-060municipal solid was
Page 41 and 42: S0300-A6-MAN-060two-vessel 5-15oil
Page 43 and 44: S0300-A6-MAN-060CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTI
Page 45 and 46: S0300-A6-MAN-060• Huntington Beac
Page 47 and 48: S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 1-2. Federal
Page 49 and 50: S0300-A6-MAN-060The type of equipme
Page 51 and 52: S0300-A6-MAN-060• Commander, U.S.
Page 53 and 54: S0300-A6-MAN-060• Serving as the
Page 55 and 56: S0300-A6-MAN-0601-5.3 Naval Sea Sys
Page 57 and 58: S0300-A6-MAN-060CHAPTER 2OIL CHARAC
Page 59 and 60: S0300-A6-MAN-060including the Saybo
Page 61 and 62: S0300-A6-MAN-060affin in solution t
Page 63: S0300-A6-MAN-060mented crude oils.
Page 67 and 68: S0300-A6-MAN-060tions. Because ligh
Page 69 and 70: S0300-A6-MAN-060• Direct kill of
Page 71 and 72: S0300-A6-MAN-060ing or starvation m
Page 73 and 74: S0300-A6-MAN-060rips and other phen
Page 75 and 76: S0300-A6-MAN-060EXAMPLE 2-2Assume t
Page 77 and 78: S0300-A6-MAN-060ian workers and/or
Page 79 and 80: S0300-A6-MAN-060• Additional equi
Page 81 and 82: S0300-A6-MAN-060• Communications
Page 83 and 84: S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 3-2. America
Page 85 and 86: S0300-A6-MAN-060Military or charter
Page 87 and 88: S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 3-4. Federal
Page 89 and 90: S0300-A6-MAN-060Damaged deep tanks
Page 91 and 92: S0300-A6-MAN-060bent boom can be fa
Page 93 and 94: S0300-A6-MAN-060• Provision of fu
Page 95 and 96: S0300-A6-MAN-060very appealing to p
Page 97 and 98: S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 3-7. Represe
Page 99 and 100: S0300-A6-MAN-060Ships and craft, su
Page 101 and 102: S0300-A6-MAN-060response procedures
Page 103 and 104: S0300-A6-MAN-060the ESSM system. As
Page 105 and 106: S0300-A6-MAN-0603-8 FUNDING AND COS
Page 107 and 108: S0300-A6-MAN-060direct it to a coll
Page 109 and 110: S0300-A6-MAN-060CHAPTER 4CONTROL, C
Page 111 and 112: S0300-A6-MAN-060Table 4-1. Applicat
Page 113 and 114: S0300-A6-MAN-0604-2.1.5 Connecting
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Net boom has been s
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 4-4. Boom Co
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 4-6. Typical
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S0300-A6-MAN-060The Oil and Hazardo
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 4-8. NAVSEA
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 4-9. Encircl
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Diversion boom does
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 4-13. Stagge
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S0300-A6-MAN-0604-5 BOOM BEHAVIORFi
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S0300-A6-MAN-0604-5.2 Wind Effect o
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S0300-A6-MAN-060• Final cleaning
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S0300-A6-MAN-060CHAPTER 5OIL RECOVE
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Recovery efficiency
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 5-3. Disc, D
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S0300-A6-MAN-060• Inclined plane
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 5-7. Hydrocy
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 5-8. Sorbent
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Grabs, clam shell b
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S0300-A6-MAN-060time. Most skimmers
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S0300-A6-MAN-060• The boom is tow
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 5-13. Class
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S0300-A6-MAN-060parameters and pick
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Although effective,
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 5-19. DOP-25
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S0300-A6-MAN-060CHAPTER 6DISPERSANT
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S0300-A6-MAN-060portions of the mol
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S0300-A6-MAN-060• When used to pr
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S0300-A6-MAN-060seawater. Typical d
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S0300-A6-MAN-0606.3 SURFACE COLLECT
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Light, volatile oil
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S0300-A6-MAN-060CHAPTER 7SHORELINE
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Sometimes termed ro
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S0300-A6-MAN-060tally sensitive are
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S0300-A6-MAN-060stone and artificia
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S0300-A6-MAN-0607-5.5.2 Cobbles, Pe
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure 7-2. Decisio
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Incineration of lar
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S0300-A6-MAN-060APPENDIX ADOCUMENTA
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S0300-A6-MAN-060APPENDIX BNAVY AREA
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table B-2 (continue
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S0300-A6-MAN-060C-1.2 SUPSALV Oil S
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S0300-A6-MAN-060FROM: (COGNIZANT NO
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Since all spill res
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S0300-A6-MAN-060C-2-2.6 Personnel.
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S0300-A6-MAN-060The requesting acti
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S0300-A6-MAN-060APPENDIX DINTERAGEN
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S0300-A6-MAN-060VI.NAVY REQUESTS FO
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure E-1. Typical
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S0300-A6-MAN-060the boom configurat
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S0300-A6-MAN-060APPENDIX FOIL CHARA
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table F-4. Properti
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table F-6B. Crude O
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Figure F-2. Relatio
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S0300-A6-MAN-060F-3.1.5 Alaska. Ala
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S0300-A6-MAN-060tion increases, the
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table F-9. Turbine
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table F-10. Shell T
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table F-11. Diesel
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table F-12. Gasolin
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S0300-A6-MAN-060MANUFACTURERTEXACO
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table F-14. Residua
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S0300-A6-MAN-060APPENDIX GHEALTH AN
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S0300-A6-MAN-060• Employee traini
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S0300-A6-MAN-060• The decontamina
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S0300-A6-MAN-060• PPE training an
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S0300-A6-MAN-060APPENDIX HCONVERSIO
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table H-3. Common F
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table H-6. General
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S0300-A6-MAN-060Table H-7 . Power C
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U.S. Navy Ship Salvage Manual Volume 6 - Oil Spill Response

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