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SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REGULATION AND POLICYMAKING TRAINING MANUALpage 9.84of electric power, allowing VRA to export electricity to Compagnie Ivoirienned’Électricité (CIE) of Côte d’Ivoire and Communaté Électrique du Bénin (CEB) ofTogo and Benin. However, as demand grew within Ghana, the country began toface an electricity deficit. VRA now augments electric power supply by buying fromCôte d’Ivoire, which has expanded its generation capacity. VRA imports up to 250 MWof power from Côte d’Ivoire, and transmits power onwards to Togo and Benin.Power purchases from CIE have been mixed, with VRA having to import morepower during times of crises, for example, during the 1998 drought, which led toa drastic fall in hydro-capacity from Akosombo. Table 2 below shows the sourceof power supply by VRA to the Ghanaian market in 2005.Table 1. Power supply to the Ghanaian electricity market by VRA in 2003 1Generation sourceElectricity generated (GWh)Hydro 3,884Thermal 2,015Purchased from CIE 940Total 6,839There is also some standby generation capacity available. Notably, mining companyAnglogold-Ashanti has a 21 MW diesel plant at Obuasi, and the Tema OilRefinery operates a 6.5 MW diesel plant at Tema. The Volta Reservoir receivedsubstantially above-average inflows during 1999, enabling output from Akosomboand Kpong to be raised from 3,830 GWh in 1998 to 5,169 GWh in 1999. By 2003,the water level in the lake fell again to as low as 237 feet in July and about 247feet in November. The minimum operating level of the dam is 248 feet.1.2. Transmission and distributionVRA owns and operates the nationwide transmission system and the distributionsystem for northern Ghana. The distribution system in southern Ghana is managedby the Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG). As of December 2003, the existingtransmission network system comprised of 36 substations and approximately4,000 km of 161 KV and 69 KV lines. This includes 129 km of double-circuit 161 KVinterconnection to Togo and Benin. There is also a single 220 km circuit, being a225 KV inter-tie with Côte d’Ivoire’s transmission network. The distribution systemcomprises 8,000 km of sub-transmission lines, 30,000 km of distribution networkswith 22 bulk supply points and 1,800 MVA of installed transformer capacity.1VRA Annual Report, 2003.
MODULE 9: RENEWABLE ENERGY: REGULATORY AND POLICY OPTIONSpage 9.851.3. Energy consumptionIn 2004, Ghanaians consumed a total of 5,158 GWh of electricity supplied by VRA.VRA has two main customers: the Volta Aluminium Company (VALCO), which isthe largest industrial customer, and ECG, the largest non-industrial customer. VRAalso supplies power to some mining concerns and other industries. In 2002,VALCO took up to 32 per cent of the power sold by VRA. Production at VALCOwas closed in May 2003, following a breakdown in negotiations between the governmentand VALCO’s parent company Kaiser Aluminum at the end of VALCO’senergy contract. Extra electricity became available to VRA as a result of thesmelter shutdown. In October 2004 VALCO was bought by the Government ofGhana and subsequently reopened on a reduced scale in September 2005 undera joint venture agreement with the US company ALCOA.ECG distributes power to households and industries in the heavily populatedsouthern part of Ghana. The utility presently has about 1.1 million customers, ofwhich about 80 per cent are residential and the remaining 20 per cent includeindustrial customers, the military, and other public facilities. The distribution networkhas relatively high losses of about 26 per cent, including about 15 per centnon-technical losses. This indicates that a significant amount of distributed poweris lost through illegal connections and wastage.
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