FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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Humic acidIn-line coagulationInterconnectorIon exchangeIonic strengthIonizationLangelier SaturationIndex, LSILeafLime soda softeningLSIManganese greensandManifoldMass Transfer Coefficient(MTC)MembraneMembrane areaMembrane compactionMembrane configurationMembrane elementMembrane filterMembrane salt passageMembrane softeningMFMFIMGD (MGPD)Microfiltration (MF)MicrobeMicroorganismMicrosiemensMilliequivalent per litre(meq/L)A variety of water-soluble organic compounds, formed by the decayed vegetable matter,which is leached into a water source by runoff or percolation. Present in most surface andsome ground waters. Higher concentrations cause a brownish tint. Difficult to remove exceptby adsorption, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration or reverse osmosis.A filtration process performed by continually adding a coagulant to the raw feedwater and thenpassing the water through a filter to remove the microfloc which has been formed.A device to connect adjacent membrane elements in series and to seal the product channelfrom the feed brine channel.A reversible process by which ions are interchanged between a solid and a liquid with nosubstantial structural changes in the solid; ions removed from a liquid by chemical bonding tothe media.Measure of the overall electrolytic potential of a solution, the strength of a solution based onboth the concentrations and valencies of the ions present.The disassociation of molecules into charged particles (ions).An index calculated from total dissolved solids, calcium concentration, total alkalinity, pH, andsolution temperature that shows the tendency of a water solution to precipitate or dissolvecalcium carbonate.The sandwich layer of flat-sheet membrane/product channel spacer/flat-sheet membrane,glued together on the sides and across the outer end in a spiral wound element.Use of lime and Na 2 CO 3 for softening water.Langelier Saturation Index, measure of CaCO 3 solubility in brackish waters. See S&DSI.A manganese dioxide coated greensand used as a filter medium for removal of manganeseand iron. See greensand.An enlarged pipe with connections available to the individual feed, brine and product ports of adesalination device.Mass (or volume) transfer through a membrane based on driving force.Engineered thin semipermeable film which serves as a barrier permitting the passage ofmaterials only up to a certain size, shape, or electro-chemical character. Membranes are usedas the separation agent in reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, andmicrofiltration, as disc filters in laboratories, and as pleated filter cartridges, particularly formicrofiltration.The active area available for micro, nano and ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis.See compaction.The design and shape of a given membrane element (cartridge) such as tubular, spiral woundor hollow fiber.A bundle of spiral membrane envelopes bound together as a discrete entity.Geometrically regular porous matrix; removes particles above pore size rating by physical sizeexclusion.SP m is the concentration of a compound in the permeate related to its average concentrationon the feed/concentrate side.Use of crossflow membrane to substantially reduce hardness ions in water. See nanofiltration.Microfiltration.Modified Fouling Index.Millions of gallons per day.Filtration designed to remove particles in the approximate range of 0.05 to 2 µm.Bacteria and other organisms that require the aid of a microscope to be seen.See microbe.Unit of measurement of water purity by electrical conductivity; one micromho; reciprocal ofresistivity. See megohm, ohm.A weight-volume measurement obtained by dividing the concentration expressed in milligramsper litre by the equivalent weight of the substance or ion. If specific gravity is unity meq/L isthe same as epm.Page 158 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
Milligram per litre (mg/L)Mixed-bedModuleMolality ( - m 1 )Molarity (m 1 )Molecular Weight Cut Off(MWCO)Multimedia filterNaHMPNanofiltration (NF)NephelometerNonionic polyelectrolyteNormalizationNFNOMNTUOEMO&MOperating pressureORPOsmosisOsmotic pressureOxidation-reductionpotentialOxygen demandParts Per Billion (ppb)Parts Per Million (ppm)PassPermeablePermeatePermeate channel spacerPermeate collector fabricPermeate fluxPlant capacityPlugging factorA weight-volume measurement which expresses the concentration of a solute in milligramsper litre of solution. When specific gravity is unity mg/L = ppm. When specific gravity is notunity, mg/L divided by specific gravity of solution equals ppm.A physical mixture of anion-exchange and cation-exchange materials.A membrane element combined with the element's housing. Pressure vessel containingmembrane element(s).Moles (gram molecular weight) of solute per 1,000 g of solvent.Moles (gram molecular weight) of solute per litre of total solution.The rating of a membrane for the size of uncharged solutes it will reject. Also referred to asnominal molecular weight cut off (NMWCO).Filter with a bed consisting of three or more separate filter media. The coarsest, lowest densityat the top and the finest, highest density at the bottom.Sodium hexametaphosphate, an antiscalant.A crossflow process with pore sizes designed to remove selected salts and most organicsabove about 300 molecular weight range, sometimes referred to as loose RO.A device used to measure mainly the turbidity of water with results expressed innephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Measures light at 90°.Neutral charged polymers, usually polyacrylamides, used for coagulation / flocculation. Seepolyelectrolytes.Converting actual data to a set of reference conditions in order to "standardize" operation tocommon base.Nanofiltration.Natural Organic Matter.See nephelometer.Original equipment manufacturer.Operation and maintenance.The gage hydraulic pressure at which feedwater enters a device.Oxidation-Reduction Potential.The spontaneous flow of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentratedsolution through a semipermeable membrane until chemical potential equilibrium is achieved.A measurement of the potential energy difference between solutions on either side of asemipermeable membrane. A factor in designing the operating pressure of reverse osmosisequipment. The applied pressure must first overcome the osmotic pressure inherent in thechemical solution in order to produce any flux.The electromotive force developed by a noble metal electrode immersed in the water, referredto the standard hydrogen electrode.The amount of oxygen required for the oxidation of waterborne organic and inorganic matterunder the specified test conditions.A measure of proportion by weight, equivalent to a unit weight of solute per billion unit weightsof solution (approximate pg/L or mg/m 3 in dilute solutions).A measure of proportion by weight, equivalent to a unit weight of solute per million unitweightsof solution (approximate mg/L or g/m 3 in dilute solutions).A treatment step or one of multiple treatment steps producing in a membrane system aproduct stream.Allowing material to pass through.The portion of the feed which passes through the membrane, also called product.Fabric that mechanically supports the membrane and drains the permeate to the permeatetube, see product (permeate) channel spacer.See Permeate channel spacer.Permeate flow rate per unit membrane area, expressed commonly as l/m 2 h (or GFD).Manufacture of product per unit time, expressed as m 3 /day, m 3 /h, GPD, MGD.See fouling factor and SDI.Page 159 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
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DowWater SolutionsFILMTEC Reverse O
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2.6 Biological Fouling Prevention .
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1. Basics of Reverse Osmosis and Na
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Nanofiltration (NF)Nanofiltration r
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How to Use Reverse Osmosis and Nano
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1.4 Membrane DescriptionThe FILMTEC
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Membrane systems are typically desi
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1.8 Element CharacteristicsFILMTEC
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2. Water Chemistry and Pretreatment
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SeawaterSeawater with TDS of 35,000
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Table 2.5 Water analysis for RO/NFS
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Table 2.7 Solubility products of sp
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In this process, only Ca 2+ , Ba 2+
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For the concentration ranges presen
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The conditions for CaCO 3 scale con
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Figure 2.3 Langelier saturation ind
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These computations have been descri
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Figure 2.5 “K” versus ionic str
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Figure 2.6 Ksp for CaSO 4 versus io
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2.4.6 Calcium Fluoride Scale Preven
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Figure 2.8 K sp for SrSO 4 versus i
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2.4.7 Silica Scale PreventionDissol
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Table 2.10 Solubility of SiO 2 vers
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2.4.8 Calcium Phosphate Scale Preve
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Table 2.9 Various fouling indicesIn
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Frequent shutdowns and start-ups sh
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If the differential pressure across
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1. Intake (surface) or well, before
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or combined residual chlorine (CRC)
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2.6.5 DBNPADBNPA (2,2, dibromo-3-ni
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2.6.11 Use of Fouling Resistant Mem
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2.11 Treatment of Feedwater Contain
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2.13 Summary of Pretreatment Option
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26. Handbook of Industrial Membrane
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Table 3.1 System design information
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3.2 Batch vs. Continuous ProcessAn
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3.4 Single-Stage SystemIn a single-
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The apparent salt passage of the sy
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Instead of having a separate high-p
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3.9.1 Membrane System Design Guidel
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In Table 3.6, the small commercial
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Table 3.8 Number of stages of a sea
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3.11 System Performance Projection3
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3.11.2 Design Equations and Paramet
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Table 3.10 Design equations for pro
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3.11.3 Comparing Actual Performance
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The high-pressure concentrate is fe
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If the product water from an RO sys
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Besides the above recommendations,
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4. Loading of Pressure VesselsThis
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The process of shimming is performe
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4.5.2 Summary of Large Element Inte
Page 107 and 108: 5. System Operation5.1 Introduction
Page 109 and 110: 5.2.3 Start-Up SequenceProper start
Page 111 and 112: 5.2.4 Membrane Start-Up Performance
Page 113 and 114: 5.5.3 SeawaterIn principle, the ope
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.1 Reverse osmosis operating
Page 117 and 118: A. Normalized Permeate FlowQS=ΔPsP
Page 119 and 120: For the operating conditions we hav
Page 121 and 122: 4. During recirculation of cleaning
Page 123 and 124: 2. The cleaning pump should be size
Page 125 and 126: 6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal
Page 127 and 128: Cleaning ProcedureThere are seven s
Page 129 and 130: If the organic fouling is the resul
Page 131 and 132: There are two factors that greatly
Page 133 and 134: 7. Handling, Preservation and Stora
Page 135 and 136: 7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Syste
Page 137 and 138: If the normalized actual performanc
Page 139 and 140: 8.3.3 Localization of High Solute P
Page 141 and 142: Figure 8.2 Permeate probing apparat
Page 143 and 144: 8.4.5 Performance TestThe standard
Page 145 and 146: 8.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute
Page 147 and 148: . Metal Oxide FoulingMetal oxide fo
Page 149 and 150: . Organic FoulingThe adsorption of
Page 151 and 152: 8.5.3 High Pressure DropHigh differ
Page 153 and 154: In case of fullfit or heat sanitiza
Page 155 and 156: Breakpoint chlorinationBreak tankBr
Page 157: FeedThe input solution to a treatme
Page 161 and 162: SBS Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO 3.Scale
Page 163 and 164: 9.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium
Page 165 and 166: Figure 9.1 Conductivity of ionic so
Page 167 and 168: 9.6 Temperature Correction FactorTa
Page 169 and 170: 9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chlo
Page 171 and 172: Details - TestEquipment andSpecific
Page 173 and 174: satisfactory for such a determinati
Page 175 and 176: case for almost all tested biocides
Page 177 and 178: 9.12 Key Word IndexAbrasion - 150 B
Page 179 and 180: Positive displacement pump - 95 Shu
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FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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