FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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9.5 Conversion of Concentration Units of Ionic SpeciesThe following table gives conversion factors for the conversion of concentration units of ionic species given as gram of theion per liter (g/L) into equivalent per liter (eq/L) or of gram of CaCO 3 equivalents per liter (g CaCO 3 /L).Table 9.5 Conversion factors for the conversion of concentration units of ionic speciesCompound Formula Ionic weight Equivalent weight Conversion to g CaCO3/L eq/LPositive ionsAluminium Al +++ 27.0 9.0 5.56 0.111Ammonium NH4 + 18.0 18.0 2.78 0.0556Barium Ba ++ 137.4 68.7 0.73 0.0146Calcium Ca ++ 40.1 20.0 2.50 0.0500Copper Cu ++ 63.6 31.8 1.57 0.0314Hydrogen H + 1.0 1.0 50.0 1.000Ferrous iron Fe ++ 55.8 27.9 1.79 0.0358Ferric iron Fe +++ 55.8 18.6 2.69 0.0538Magnesium Mg ++ 24.3 12.2 4.10 0.0820Manganese Mn ++ 54.9 27.5 1.82 0.0364Potassium K + 39.1 39.1 1.28 0.0256Sodium Na + 23.0 23.0 2.18 0.0435Negative ionsBicarbonate HCO3 - 61.0 61.0 0.82 0.0164Carbonate CO3 -- 60.0 30.0 1.67 0.0333Chloride Cl - 35.5 35.5 1.41 0.0282Fluoride F - 19.0 19.0 2.63 0.0526Iodide I - 126.9 126.9 0.39 0.0079Hydroxide OH - 17.0 17.0 2.94 0.0588Nitrate NO3 - 62.0 62.0 0.81 0.0161Phosphate (tri-basic) PO4 --- 95.0 31.7 1.58 0.0315Phosphate (di-basic) HPO4 -- 96.0 48.0 1.04 0.0208Phosphate (mono-basic) H2PO4 - 97.0 97.0 0.52 0.0103Sulfate SO4 -- 96.1 48.0 1.04 0.0208Bisulfate HSO4 - 97.1 97.1 0.52 0.0103Sulfite SO3 -- 80.1 40.0 1.25 0.0250Bisulfite HSO3 - 81.1 81.1 0.62 0.0123Sulfide S -- 32.1 16.0 3.13 0.0625Neutral 1Carbon dioxide CO2 44.0 44.0 1.14 0.0227Silica SiO2 60.0 60.0 0.83 0.0167Ammonia NH3 17.0 17.0 2.94 0.05881Calculations based on conversion to monovalent speciesPage 166 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
9.6 Temperature Correction FactorTable 9.6 Temperature correction factor †Temperature° CTemperatureCorrectionFactorTemperature° CTemperatureCorrectionFactorTemperature° CTemperatureCorrectionFactorTemperature° CTemperatureCorrectionFactorTemperature° CTemperatureCorrectionFactor10.0 1.711 14.0 1.475 18.0 1.276 22.0 1.109 26.0 0.97110.1 1.705 14.1 1.469 18.1 1.272 22.1 1.105 26.1 0.96810.2 1.698 14.2 1.464 18.2 1.267 22.2 1.101 26.2 0.96510.3 1.692 14.3 1.459 18.3 1.262 22.3 1.097 26.3 0.96210.4 1.686 14.4 1.453 18.4 1.258 22.4 1.093 26.4 0.95910.5 1.679 14.5 1.448 18.5 1.254 22.5 1.090 26.5 0.95710.6 1.673 14.6 1.443 18.6 1.249 22.6 1.086 26.6 0.95410.7 1.667 14.7 1.437 18.7 1.245 22.7 1.082 26.7 0.95110.8 1.660 14.8 1.432 18.8 1.240 22.8 1.078 26.8 0.94810.9 1.654 14.9 1.427 18.9 1.236 22.9 1.075 26.9 0.94511.0 1.648 15.0 1.422 19.0 1.232 23.0 1.071 27.0 0.94311.1 1.642 15.1 1.417 19.1 1.227 23.1 1.067 27.1 0.94011.2 1.636 15.2 1.411 19.2 1.223 23.2 1.064 27.2 0.93711.3 1.630 15.3 1.406 19.3 1.219 23.3 1.060 27.3 0.93411.4 1.624 15.4 1.401 19.4 1.214 23.4 1.056 27.4 0.93211.5 1.618 15.5 1.396 19.5 1.210 23.5 1.053 27.5 0.92911.6 1.611 15.6 1.391 19.6 1.206 23.6 1.049 27.6 0.92611.7 1.605 15.7 1.386 19.7 1.201 23.7 1.045 27.7 0.92411.8 1.600 15.8 1.381 19.8 1.197 23.8 1.042 27.8 0.92111.9 1.594 15.9 1.376 19.9 1.193 23.9 1.038 27.9 0.91812.0 1.588 16.0 1.371 20.0 1.189 24.0 1.035 28.0 0.91512.1 1.582 16.1 1.366 20.1 1.185 24.1 1.031 28.1 0.91312.2 1.576 16.2 1.361 20.2 1.180 24.2 1.028 28.2 0.91012.3 1.570 16.3 1.356 20.3 1.176 24.3 1.024 28.3 0.90812.4 1.564 16.4 1.351 20.4 1.172 24.4 1.021 28.4 0.90512.5 1.558 16.5 1.347 20.5 1.168 24.5 1.017 28.5 0.90212.6 1.553 16.6 1.342 20.6 1.164 24.6 1.014 28.6 0.90012.7 1.547 16.7 1.337 20.7 1.160 24.7 1.010 28.7 0.89712.8 1.541 16.8 1.332 20.8 1.156 24.8 1.007 28.8 0.89412.9 1.536 16.9 1.327 20.9 1.152 24.9 1.003 28.9 0.89213.0 1.530 17.0 1.323 21.0 1.148 25.0 1.000 29.0 0.88913.1 1.524 17.1 1.318 21.1 1.144 25.1 0.997 29.1 0.88713.2 1.519 17.2 1.313 21.2 1.140 25.2 0.994 29.2 0.88413.3 1.513 17.3 1.308 21.3 1.136 25.3 0.991 29.3 0.88213.4 1.508 17.4 1.304 21.4 1.132 25.4 0.988 29.4 0.87913.5 1.502 17.5 1.299 21.5 1.128 25.5 0.985 29.5 0.87713.6 1.496 17.6 1.294 21.6 1.124 25.6 0.982 29.6 0.87413.7 1.491 17.7 1.290 21.7 1.120 25.7 0.979 29.7 0.87113.8 1.486 17.8 1.285 21.8 1.116 25.8 0.977 29.8 0.86913.9 1.480 17.9 1.281 21.9 1.112 25.9 0.974 29.9 0.866Corrected Flow Rate = (Measured Flow Rate)*(TCF @ Feed Water Temp.)† This table appears in Form No. 609-00139Page 167 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
Page 1 and 2:
DowWater SolutionsFILMTEC Reverse O
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2.6 Biological Fouling Prevention .
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1. Basics of Reverse Osmosis and Na
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Nanofiltration (NF)Nanofiltration r
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How to Use Reverse Osmosis and Nano
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1.4 Membrane DescriptionThe FILMTEC
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Membrane systems are typically desi
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1.8 Element CharacteristicsFILMTEC
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2. Water Chemistry and Pretreatment
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SeawaterSeawater with TDS of 35,000
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Table 2.5 Water analysis for RO/NFS
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Table 2.7 Solubility products of sp
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In this process, only Ca 2+ , Ba 2+
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For the concentration ranges presen
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The conditions for CaCO 3 scale con
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Figure 2.3 Langelier saturation ind
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These computations have been descri
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Figure 2.5 “K” versus ionic str
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Figure 2.6 Ksp for CaSO 4 versus io
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2.4.6 Calcium Fluoride Scale Preven
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Figure 2.8 K sp for SrSO 4 versus i
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2.4.7 Silica Scale PreventionDissol
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Table 2.10 Solubility of SiO 2 vers
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2.4.8 Calcium Phosphate Scale Preve
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Table 2.9 Various fouling indicesIn
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Frequent shutdowns and start-ups sh
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If the differential pressure across
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1. Intake (surface) or well, before
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or combined residual chlorine (CRC)
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2.6.5 DBNPADBNPA (2,2, dibromo-3-ni
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2.6.11 Use of Fouling Resistant Mem
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2.11 Treatment of Feedwater Contain
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2.13 Summary of Pretreatment Option
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26. Handbook of Industrial Membrane
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Table 3.1 System design information
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3.2 Batch vs. Continuous ProcessAn
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3.4 Single-Stage SystemIn a single-
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The apparent salt passage of the sy
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Instead of having a separate high-p
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3.9.1 Membrane System Design Guidel
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In Table 3.6, the small commercial
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Table 3.8 Number of stages of a sea
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3.11 System Performance Projection3
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3.11.2 Design Equations and Paramet
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Table 3.10 Design equations for pro
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3.11.3 Comparing Actual Performance
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The high-pressure concentrate is fe
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If the product water from an RO sys
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Besides the above recommendations,
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4. Loading of Pressure VesselsThis
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The process of shimming is performe
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4.5.2 Summary of Large Element Inte
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5. System Operation5.1 Introduction
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5.2.3 Start-Up SequenceProper start
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5.2.4 Membrane Start-Up Performance
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5.5.3 SeawaterIn principle, the ope
Page 115 and 116: Table 5.1 Reverse osmosis operating
Page 117 and 118: A. Normalized Permeate FlowQS=ΔPsP
Page 119 and 120: For the operating conditions we hav
Page 121 and 122: 4. During recirculation of cleaning
Page 123 and 124: 2. The cleaning pump should be size
Page 125 and 126: 6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal
Page 127 and 128: Cleaning ProcedureThere are seven s
Page 129 and 130: If the organic fouling is the resul
Page 131 and 132: There are two factors that greatly
Page 133 and 134: 7. Handling, Preservation and Stora
Page 135 and 136: 7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Syste
Page 137 and 138: If the normalized actual performanc
Page 139 and 140: 8.3.3 Localization of High Solute P
Page 141 and 142: Figure 8.2 Permeate probing apparat
Page 143 and 144: 8.4.5 Performance TestThe standard
Page 145 and 146: 8.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute
Page 147 and 148: . Metal Oxide FoulingMetal oxide fo
Page 149 and 150: . Organic FoulingThe adsorption of
Page 151 and 152: 8.5.3 High Pressure DropHigh differ
Page 153 and 154: In case of fullfit or heat sanitiza
Page 155 and 156: Breakpoint chlorinationBreak tankBr
Page 157 and 158: FeedThe input solution to a treatme
Page 159 and 160: Milligram per litre (mg/L)Mixed-bed
Page 161 and 162: SBS Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO 3.Scale
Page 163 and 164: 9.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium
Page 165: Figure 9.1 Conductivity of ionic so
Page 169 and 170: 9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chlo
Page 171 and 172: Details - TestEquipment andSpecific
Page 173 and 174: satisfactory for such a determinati
Page 175 and 176: case for almost all tested biocides
Page 177 and 178: 9.12 Key Word IndexAbrasion - 150 B
Page 179 and 180: Positive displacement pump - 95 Shu
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FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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