References1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition, as published jointly by the AmericanPublic Health Association, the American Water Works Association, and the Water Pollution Control Federation2. ASTM D 4195 – 88 (Reapproved 2003): Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis Application3. Water Quality and Treatment, 5th Edition, Prepared by the American Water Works Association, McGraw-Hill, Inc., NewYork, 19994. Water Treatment Handbook, Degremont <strong>Company</strong>, 6th Ed 19915. Water <strong>Manual</strong>, WABAG, 2 nd Ed. (2003)6. ASTM D3739-94 (2003): Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Langelier Saturation Index forReverse Osmosis7. ASTM D4582-91 (2001): Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index forReverse Osmosis8. ASTM D4692-01: Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Sulfate Scaling Salts (CaSO 4 , SrSO 4 , andBaSO 4 ) for Reverse Osmosis9. Marshall, W.L. and Slusher, R., “Solubility to 200°C of Sulfate and its Hydrates in Sea Water and Saline WaterConcentrates and Temperature, Concentration Limits,” Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 13(1), 83 (1968)10. Davis, J.W. and Collins, A.G., “Solubility of Barium and Strontium Sulfates in Strong Electrolyte Solutions,”Environmental Science and Technology, 5(10), 1039 (1971)11. Permasep B-10 <strong>Technical</strong> Information <strong>Manual</strong>, Section IV Projections, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. 198012. Vorum, M. and Williams, R.E., “A Study of Silica in High Recovery Reverse Osmosis Systems”, PB81-233587 (1979)13. L. Dudley, “Combating the Threat of Silica Fouling in RO Plant – Practical Experiences”, Desalination & Water Reuse,12(4), 28 (2003)14. S.I. Graham, R.L. Reiz, and C.E. Hickman, “Improving Reverse Osmosis Performance though Periodic Cleaning”,Desalination, 74, 113 (1989)15. M. Luo and Z. Wang, “Complex Fouling and Cleaning-in-Place of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination System”,Desalination, 141, 15 (2001)16. ASTM D4993-89 (2003): Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Silica (SiO 2 ) Scaling for ReverseOsmosis17. Alexander, G.B., Hester, W.M., Iler, R.K., “The Solubility of Amorphous Silica in Water”, Journal of Physical Chemistry,58, 453 (1954)18. M. Maurer and M. Boller, “Modelling of Phosphorus Precipitation in Wastewater Treatment Plants with EnhancedBiological Phosphorus Removal”, Wat. Sci. Tech, 39(1), 147 (1999)19. S. Kubo, T. Takahashi, H. Morinaga, and H. Ueki, “Inhibition of Calcium Phosphate Scale on Heat Exchanger: TheRelation between Laboratory Test Results and Tests on Heat Transfer Surfaces”, Corrosion’79, Paper No. 220, Atlanta(1979)20. D1889 /ASTM D1889-00 Standard Test Method for Turbidity of Water21. ASTM D6698-01 Standard Test Method for On-Line Measurement of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Water22. ASTM D4189-95 (2002): Standard Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water23. Schippers, J.C. and Verdouw, J.: The modified fouling index, a method of determining the fouling characteristics ofwater, Desalination 32, 137 (1980)24. Boerlage, S.F.E., Kennedy, M, Aniye, M.P. and Schippers, J.C.: Applications of the MFI-UF to measure and predictparticulate fouling in RO systems, J. Membrane Sci. 220, 97 (2003)25. ASTM D4188-82 (Reapproved 1999): Standard Practice for Performing Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-Filtration TestPage 68 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
26. Handbook of Industrial Membrane Technology, Ed.: Porter, M.C., Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.(1990)27. D4455-85(2002): Standard Test Method for Enumeration of Aquatic Bacteria by Epifluorescence Microscopy CountingProcedure28. D4454-85(2002) Standard Test Method for Simultaneous Enumeration of Total and Respiring Bacteria in AquaticSystems by Microscopy29. J.S. Vrouwenvelder and D. van der Kooij, Diagnosis, prediction and prevention of biofouling of NF and RO membranes,Desalination, 139, 65 (2001)30. MM Nederlof, JC Kruithof, JAMH Hofman, M de Koning, JP van der Hoek, PAC Bonne, Integrated multi-objectivemembrane systems application of reverse osmosis at the Amsterdam Water Supply, Desalination, 119, 263 (1998)31. J.S. Vrouwenvelder. In Press (2003)32. D. van der Kooij, H.R. Veenendaal, C. Baars-Lorist, D.W. van der Klift and Y.C. Drost: Biofilm formation on surfaces ofglass and teflon exposed to treated water. Wat.Res., 29(7)(1995) 1655-166233. ASTM D1291-01: Standard Practice for Estimation of Chlorine Requirement or Demand of Water, or Both34. White, G.C.: Handbook of Chlorination. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York (2nd ed., 1986)35. M. Nagai, H. Iwahashi, Y. Hayashi, and Y. Ogino, “The Behavior of an Oxidizing/Reducing Agent in Seawater”,Desalination, 96, 291 (1994)36. T. Griebe, H.-C. Flemming: Biocide-free antifouling strategy to protect RO membranes from biofouling. Desalination118 (1998), 153-15637. C.F.Wend, P.S.Steward, W.Jones, A.K.Camper: Pretreatment for membrane water treatment systems: a laboratorystudy. Water Research 37 (2003) 3367-337838. P. Sehn: Experiences with fouling resistant membranes in combination with intermittent biocide dosage. 9 th AachenMembrane Colloquium March 18-20, 2003, Verlag Mainz, Aachen, ISBN 3-86130-185-7Page 69 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
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DowWater SolutionsFILMTEC Reverse O
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2.6 Biological Fouling Prevention .
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1. Basics of Reverse Osmosis and Na
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Nanofiltration (NF)Nanofiltration r
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How to Use Reverse Osmosis and Nano
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1.4 Membrane DescriptionThe FILMTEC
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Membrane systems are typically desi
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- Page 21 and 22: SeawaterSeawater with TDS of 35,000
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For the operating conditions we hav
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4. During recirculation of cleaning
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2. The cleaning pump should be size
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6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal
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Cleaning ProcedureThere are seven s
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If the organic fouling is the resul
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There are two factors that greatly
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7. Handling, Preservation and Stora
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7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Syste
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If the normalized actual performanc
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8.3.3 Localization of High Solute P
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Figure 8.2 Permeate probing apparat
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8.4.5 Performance TestThe standard
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8.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute
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. Metal Oxide FoulingMetal oxide fo
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. Organic FoulingThe adsorption of
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8.5.3 High Pressure DropHigh differ
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In case of fullfit or heat sanitiza
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Breakpoint chlorinationBreak tankBr
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FeedThe input solution to a treatme
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Milligram per litre (mg/L)Mixed-bed
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SBS Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO 3.Scale
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9.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium
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Figure 9.1 Conductivity of ionic so
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9.6 Temperature Correction FactorTa
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9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chlo
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Details - TestEquipment andSpecific
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satisfactory for such a determinati
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case for almost all tested biocides
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9.12 Key Word IndexAbrasion - 150 B
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Positive displacement pump - 95 Shu