FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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Brackish WaterThe composition of brackish waters is of extremely wide variation, and a water analysis is a must for a good process design.Several examples of brackish water analyses are given in Table 2.4.In brackish water treatment, the factor limiting recovery is mainly of a chemical nature (i.e., precipitation and scale formationby compounds such as calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate). The potential for biofouling is also another limiting factor inbrackish water treatment. A number of methods are available to assess the biological fouling potential (see Section 2.6.2,Assessment of the Biological Fouling Potential). In industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, a wide variety of organicand inorganic constituents may be present. Thus, the limiting factors are sometimes governed by additional characteristics offeed waters, for example the organic matter or the phosphate scaling potential.Table 2.4 Examples of brackish water compositionParameter Unit Well water a Well water b Lake water c Surface water d Pretreated tertiary effluent eCalcium mg/L 84 113 54 102 40 - 64Magnesium mg/L 6 2.7 23 11 ⎯Sodium mg/L 36 23 87 20 150 - 200Potassium mg/L 3.3 2 6.6 4 ⎯Iron mg/L
Table 2.5 Water analysis for RO/NFSample identification: ............................................................................................................................................Feed source: .........................................................................................................................................................Conductivity: ................................................... pH: ............... Temperature (°C): ...........................Feed water analysis:+NH 4 ..................... CO 2 .....................Please give units (mg/L as ion K + .....................2 –CO 3 .....................or ppm as CaCO 3 or meq/L) Na + .....................–HCO 3 .....................Mg 2+ .....................–NO 3 .....................Ca 2+ ..................... Cl – .....................Ba 2+ ..................... F – .....................Sr 2+ .....................2–SO 4 .....................Fe 2+ .....................2–PO 4 .....................Fe (tot) ..................... S 2– .....................Mn 2+ ..................... SiO 2 (colloidal) .....................Boron ……………... SiO 2 (soluble) .....................Al 3+ .....................Other ions: .............................................................................................................................................................TDS (by method): ..................................................................................................................................................TOC: ......................................................................................................................................................................BOD: ......................................................................................................................................................................COD: .....................................................................................................................................................................AOC: ......................................................................................................................................................................BDOC: ...................................................................................................................................................................Total alkalinity (m-value): .......................................................................................................................................Carbonate alkalinity (p-value): ...............................................................................................................................Total hardness: ......................................................................................................................................................Turbidity (NTU): .....................................................................................................................................................Silt density index (SDI): .........................................................................................................................................Bacteria (count/ml): ...............................................................................................................................................Free chlorine: ........................................................................................................................................................Remarks: ...............................................................................................................................................................(odor, smell, color, biological activity, etc.) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Analysis by: ...........................................................................................................................................................Date: ......................................................................................................................................................................Ba 2+ and Sr 2+ must be analyzed at the 1 µg/L (ppb) and 1 mg/L (ppm) level of detection, respectively. It is also important thatthe temperature be given as a range rather than an absolute value. Temperature variation can impact the scaling potential ofan RO system, especially when silica and bicarbonate levels in the feed water are high.After the membrane system is in service, the feed water should be analyzed on a regular basis so that the pretreatment andthe plant operation can be adjusted accordingly. Many standards are available for water analysis techniques. It isrecommended to use the standards of ASTM International (www.astm.org) or the latest edition of “Standard Methods forthe Examination of Water and Wastewater”/1/.Page 23 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
Page 1 and 2: DowWater SolutionsFILMTEC Reverse O
Page 3: 2.6 Biological Fouling Prevention .
Page 7 and 8: 1. Basics of Reverse Osmosis and Na
Page 9 and 10: Nanofiltration (NF)Nanofiltration r
Page 11 and 12: How to Use Reverse Osmosis and Nano
Page 13 and 14: 1.4 Membrane DescriptionThe FILMTEC
Page 15 and 16: Membrane systems are typically desi
Page 17 and 18: 1.8 Element CharacteristicsFILMTEC
Page 19 and 20: 2. Water Chemistry and Pretreatment
Page 21: SeawaterSeawater with TDS of 35,000
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.7 Solubility products of sp
Page 27 and 28: In this process, only Ca 2+ , Ba 2+
Page 29 and 30: For the concentration ranges presen
Page 31 and 32: The conditions for CaCO 3 scale con
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.3 Langelier saturation ind
Page 35 and 36: These computations have been descri
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2.5 “K” versus ionic str
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.6 Ksp for CaSO 4 versus io
Page 41 and 42: 2.4.6 Calcium Fluoride Scale Preven
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.8 K sp for SrSO 4 versus i
Page 45 and 46: 2.4.7 Silica Scale PreventionDissol
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.10 Solubility of SiO 2 vers
Page 49 and 50: 2.4.8 Calcium Phosphate Scale Preve
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.9 Various fouling indicesIn
Page 53 and 54: Frequent shutdowns and start-ups sh
Page 55 and 56: If the differential pressure across
Page 57 and 58: 1. Intake (surface) or well, before
Page 59 and 60: or combined residual chlorine (CRC)
Page 61 and 62: 2.6.5 DBNPADBNPA (2,2, dibromo-3-ni
Page 63 and 64: 2.6.11 Use of Fouling Resistant Mem
Page 65 and 66: 2.11 Treatment of Feedwater Contain
Page 67 and 68: 2.13 Summary of Pretreatment Option
Page 69 and 70: 26. Handbook of Industrial Membrane
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.1 System design information
Page 73 and 74:
3.2 Batch vs. Continuous ProcessAn
Page 75 and 76:
3.4 Single-Stage SystemIn a single-
Page 77 and 78:
The apparent salt passage of the sy
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Instead of having a separate high-p
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3.9.1 Membrane System Design Guidel
Page 83 and 84:
In Table 3.6, the small commercial
Page 85 and 86:
Table 3.8 Number of stages of a sea
Page 87 and 88:
3.11 System Performance Projection3
Page 89 and 90:
3.11.2 Design Equations and Paramet
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Table 3.10 Design equations for pro
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3.11.3 Comparing Actual Performance
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The high-pressure concentrate is fe
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If the product water from an RO sys
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Besides the above recommendations,
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4. Loading of Pressure VesselsThis
Page 103 and 104:
The process of shimming is performe
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4.5.2 Summary of Large Element Inte
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5. System Operation5.1 Introduction
Page 109 and 110:
5.2.3 Start-Up SequenceProper start
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5.2.4 Membrane Start-Up Performance
Page 113 and 114:
5.5.3 SeawaterIn principle, the ope
Page 115 and 116:
Table 5.1 Reverse osmosis operating
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A. Normalized Permeate FlowQS=ΔPsP
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For the operating conditions we hav
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4. During recirculation of cleaning
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2. The cleaning pump should be size
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6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal
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Cleaning ProcedureThere are seven s
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If the organic fouling is the resul
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There are two factors that greatly
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7. Handling, Preservation and Stora
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7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Syste
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If the normalized actual performanc
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8.3.3 Localization of High Solute P
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Figure 8.2 Permeate probing apparat
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8.4.5 Performance TestThe standard
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8.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute
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. Metal Oxide FoulingMetal oxide fo
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. Organic FoulingThe adsorption of
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8.5.3 High Pressure DropHigh differ
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In case of fullfit or heat sanitiza
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Breakpoint chlorinationBreak tankBr
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FeedThe input solution to a treatme
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Milligram per litre (mg/L)Mixed-bed
Page 161 and 162:
SBS Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO 3.Scale
Page 163 and 164:
9.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium
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Figure 9.1 Conductivity of ionic so
Page 167 and 168:
9.6 Temperature Correction FactorTa
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9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chlo
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Details - TestEquipment andSpecific
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satisfactory for such a determinati
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case for almost all tested biocides
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9.12 Key Word IndexAbrasion - 150 B
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Positive displacement pump - 95 Shu
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FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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