Element SizeThe standard length of a membrane element is 40 inches (1,016 mm). For small and compact systems shorter elements areavailable, such as 14 inches (356 mm) and 21 inches (533 mm).Home Drinking Water RO elements are 12 inches long and 1.8 inches in diameter to fit into nominal 2-inch I.D. housings.The standard diameter of FILMTEC elements is 2.5, 4 and 8 inches (61 – 99 – 201 mm). They are sized to fit into 2.5, 4and 8 inch pressure vessels respectively.Element Outer WrapThe outer wrap of FILMTEC elements is either tape, fiberglass or a polypropylene mesh. Tap water and home drinking waterRO elements are tape wrapped, all other elements except fullfit elements are fiberglass wrapped. Fiberglass adds morephysical strength to the element for operation under harsh conditions. Fullfit elements have a designed bypass duringoperation to minimize stagnant areas; such elements are optimal for applications requiring a sanitary design.Element PerformanceThe performance of all FILMTEC elements is stated on their respective product information data sheets. An overview aboutthe available sizes and their flow performance range is shown in Table 1.4.Table 1.4 FILMTEC element typesElement type Diameter Permeate flow 1 at standard test conditions Maximum operating pressure(inch) (GPD) (l/h) (bar) (PSI)NF270 2.5, 4, 8 850 - 14,700 134 - 2,300 41 600NF200 2.5, 4, 8 460 - 8,000 73 - 1,260 41 600NF90 2.5, 4, 8 525 - 10,300 83 - 1,620 41 600TW30 1.8 24 - 100 3.8 - 16 21 300TW30, TW30HP 2, 2.5, 4 100 - 3,200 16 - 500 41 600BW30 2.5, 4, 8 750 - 10,500 120 - 1,660 41 600BW30LE 4, 8 2,000 - 11,500 320 - 1,830 41 600XLE 2.5, 4, 8 330 - 13,000 52 - 2,040 41 600SW30 2.5, 4 150 - 1,950 24 - 300 69 1,000SW30HR 8 6,000 950 84 1,200SW30HRLE 8 7,500 1,200 84 1,200SW30XLE 8 9,000 1,400 69 1,2001 Varying with different element dimensions and test conditions.The standard element test conditions vary depending on the membrane type. Table 1.5 summarizes the test conditions usedto specify the performance of FILMTEC elements.Table 1.5 Standard test conditions for FILMTEC elementsPressureElement type Feedwater Temperature psi bar pH Recovery Test timeNF200MgSO4, 2,000 ppm 77°F (25°C) 70 4.8 8 15% 20 min.NF270NF90NF200CaCl2, 500 ppm 77°F (25°C) 70 4.8 8 15% 20 min.NF270NF90 NaCl, 2,000 ppm 77°F (25°C) 70 4.8 8 15% 20 min.LPTW Tapwater, 250 ppm 77°F (25°C) 50 3.45 8 15% 20 min.BW30LE NaCl, 2,000 ppm 77°F (25°C) 150 10.3 8 15% 20 min.XLE NaCl, 500 ppm 77°F (25°C) 100 6.9 8 15% 20 min.TW30NaCl, 2,000 ppm 77°F (25°C) 225 15.5 8 15% 20 min.BW30SW30 NaCl, 32,000 ppm 77°F (25°C) 800 55 8 10% † 20 min.SW30HR NaCl, 32,000 ppm 77°F (25°C) 800 55 8 8% 20 min.† 8% for 2.5 inch and 4 inch diameter elements.Page 18 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
2. Water Chemistry and Pretreatment2.1 IntroductionTo increase the efficiency and life of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration (RO/NF) systems, effective pretreatment of the feedwater is required. Selection of the proper pretreatment will maximize efficiency and membrane life by minimizing:• Fouling• Scaling• Membrane degradationOptimizing:• Product flow• Product quality (salt rejection)• Product recovery• Operating & maintenance costsFouling is the accumulation of foreign materials from feed water on the active membrane surface and/or on the feed spacerto the point of causing operational problems. The term fouling includes the accumulation of all kinds of layers on themembrane and feed spacer surface, including scaling. More specifically, colloidal fouling refers to the entrapment ofparticulate or colloidal matter such as iron flocs or silt, biological fouling (biofouling) is the growth of a biofilm, and organicfouling is the adsorption of specific organic compounds such as humic substances and oil on to the membrane surface.Scaling refers to the precipitation and deposition within the system of sparingly soluble salts including calcium carbonate,barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate and calcium fluoride.Pretreatment of feed water must involve a total system approach for continuous and reliable operation. For example, animproperly designed and/or operated clarifier will result in loading the sand or multimedia filter beyond its operating limits.Such inadequate pretreatment often necessitates frequent cleaning of the membrane elements to restore productivity andsalt rejection. The cost of cleaning, downtime and lost system performance can be significant.The proper treatment scheme for feed water depends on:• Feed water source• Feed water composition• ApplicationThe type of pretreatment system depends to a large extent on feed water source (i.e., well water, surface water, andmunicipal wastewater). In general, well water is a consistent feed source that has a low fouling potential. Well water typicallyrequires a very simple pretreatment scheme such as acidification and/or antiscalant dosing and a 5-µm cartridge filter.Surface water, on the other hand, is a variable feed water source that is affected by seasonal factors. It has a high foulingpotential, both microbiological and colloidal. Pretreatment for surface water is more elaborate than pretreatment for wellwater. Additional pretreatment steps often include chlorination, coagulation/flocculation, clarification, multimedia filtration,dechlorination, acidification and/or antiscalant dosing.Industrial and municipal wastewaters have a wide variety of organic and inorganic constituents. Some types of organiccomponents may adversely affect RO/NF membranes, inducing severe flow loss and/or membrane degradation (organicfouling), making a well-designed pretreatment scheme imperative.Once the feed water source has been determined, a complete and accurate analysis of the feed water should be made. Theimportance of a feed water analysis cannot be overemphasized. It is critical in determining the proper pretreatment andRO/NF system design.Page 19 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
- Page 1 and 2: DowWater SolutionsFILMTEC Reverse O
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- Page 11 and 12: How to Use Reverse Osmosis and Nano
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- Page 21 and 22: SeawaterSeawater with TDS of 35,000
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26. Handbook of Industrial Membrane
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Table 3.1 System design information
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3.2 Batch vs. Continuous ProcessAn
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3.4 Single-Stage SystemIn a single-
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The apparent salt passage of the sy
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Instead of having a separate high-p
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3.9.1 Membrane System Design Guidel
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In Table 3.6, the small commercial
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Table 3.8 Number of stages of a sea
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3.11 System Performance Projection3
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3.11.2 Design Equations and Paramet
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Table 3.10 Design equations for pro
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3.11.3 Comparing Actual Performance
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The high-pressure concentrate is fe
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If the product water from an RO sys
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Besides the above recommendations,
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4. Loading of Pressure VesselsThis
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The process of shimming is performe
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4.5.2 Summary of Large Element Inte
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5. System Operation5.1 Introduction
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5.2.3 Start-Up SequenceProper start
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5.2.4 Membrane Start-Up Performance
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5.5.3 SeawaterIn principle, the ope
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Table 5.1 Reverse osmosis operating
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A. Normalized Permeate FlowQS=ΔPsP
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For the operating conditions we hav
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4. During recirculation of cleaning
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2. The cleaning pump should be size
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6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal
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Cleaning ProcedureThere are seven s
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If the organic fouling is the resul
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There are two factors that greatly
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7. Handling, Preservation and Stora
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7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Syste
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If the normalized actual performanc
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8.3.3 Localization of High Solute P
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Figure 8.2 Permeate probing apparat
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8.4.5 Performance TestThe standard
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8.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute
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. Metal Oxide FoulingMetal oxide fo
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. Organic FoulingThe adsorption of
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8.5.3 High Pressure DropHigh differ
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In case of fullfit or heat sanitiza
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Breakpoint chlorinationBreak tankBr
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FeedThe input solution to a treatme
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Milligram per litre (mg/L)Mixed-bed
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SBS Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO 3.Scale
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9.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium
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Figure 9.1 Conductivity of ionic so
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9.6 Temperature Correction FactorTa
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9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chlo
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Details - TestEquipment andSpecific
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satisfactory for such a determinati
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case for almost all tested biocides
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9.12 Key Word IndexAbrasion - 150 B
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Positive displacement pump - 95 Shu