FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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2.4.3 Calcium Sulfate Scale PreventionFor the determination of the calcium sulfate scaling potential, a complete feed water analysis is required.Calculation /8/1. Calculate the ionic strength of the concentrate stream (I c ) following the procedure described in Section 2.4.1:⎛ 1 ⎞Ic− If⎜ ⎟Eq. 5⎝ 1−Y⎠2. Calculate the ion product (IP c ) for CaSO 4 in the concentrate stream:⎡ m 2+⎛ 1 ⎞⎤⎡m 2−⎛ 1 ⎞⎤IPc= ⎢( Ca )f ⎜ ⎟⎥⎢( SO4)f ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎣ ⎝ 1−Y⎠⎦⎣⎝ 1−Y⎠ ⎦where:( m Ca 2+ ) f = M Ca 2+ in feed, mol/L( m SO 42–) f = M SO 42–in feed, mol/L3. Compare IP c for CaSO 4 with the solubility product (K sp ) of CaSO 4 at the ionic strength of the concentrate stream, Figure2.6. If IP c ≥ K sp , CaSO 4 scaling can occur, and adjustment is required. For a safe and conservative pretreatment design,adjustment should be made if IP c > 0.8 K sp .Calculation Example (continued from Section 2.4.1):I = 0.178c−3−3−4[ 4( 5 × 10 )][ 4( 5 × 10 )] = 4 ×IPc =10K−4sp= 4.4 × 10 (from Figure 2.2)IP c = 0.9 K sp therefore adjustments are required.Adjustments for CaSO 4 Scale Control• If the IP c for CaSO 4 is less than 0.8 K sp , a higher recovery can be used with respect to CaSO 4 scaling. Reiteration of thecalculations at higher recovery can be used to determine the maximum conversion with respect to CaSO 4 scaling.• If the IP c for CaSO 4 is greater than 0.8 K sp , a lower recovery must be used to prevent scaling. Reiteration of thecalculations at lower recovery can be used to determine the allowable recovery with respect to CaSO 4 scaling.• If the maximum allowable recovery is lower than desired, strong acid cation exchange resin softening (Section 2.3.4) orweak acid cation exchange resin dealkalization (see Section 2.3.5) can be used to remove all or part of the Ca 2+ . Thiswill permit higher recovery of the reverse osmosis system with respect to CaSO 4 scaling.• Lime softening with lime or lime plus soda ash (see Section 2.3.6) will decrease the Ca 2+ concentration and thus permithigher recovery with respect to scaling by CaSO 4 .• Addition of a scale inhibitor to the feed stream permits operation of the RO system above the K sp value, when adequatescale inhibitor is added according to the scale inhibitor manufacturer’s instructions.Page 38 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
Figure 2.6 Ksp for CaSO 4 versus ionic strength /9/Page 39 of 180 ® Trademark of The Dow Chemical <strong>Company</strong> ("Dow") or an affiliated company of Dow Form No. 609-00071
Page 1 and 2: DowWater SolutionsFILMTEC Reverse O
Page 3: 2.6 Biological Fouling Prevention .
Page 7 and 8: 1. Basics of Reverse Osmosis and Na
Page 9 and 10: Nanofiltration (NF)Nanofiltration r
Page 11 and 12: How to Use Reverse Osmosis and Nano
Page 13 and 14: 1.4 Membrane DescriptionThe FILMTEC
Page 15 and 16: Membrane systems are typically desi
Page 17 and 18: 1.8 Element CharacteristicsFILMTEC
Page 19 and 20: 2. Water Chemistry and Pretreatment
Page 21 and 22: SeawaterSeawater with TDS of 35,000
Page 23 and 24: Table 2.5 Water analysis for RO/NFS
Page 25 and 26: Table 2.7 Solubility products of sp
Page 27 and 28: In this process, only Ca 2+ , Ba 2+
Page 29 and 30: For the concentration ranges presen
Page 31 and 32: The conditions for CaCO 3 scale con
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.3 Langelier saturation ind
Page 35 and 36: These computations have been descri
Page 37: Figure 2.5 “K” versus ionic str
Page 41 and 42: 2.4.6 Calcium Fluoride Scale Preven
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.8 K sp for SrSO 4 versus i
Page 45 and 46: 2.4.7 Silica Scale PreventionDissol
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.10 Solubility of SiO 2 vers
Page 49 and 50: 2.4.8 Calcium Phosphate Scale Preve
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.9 Various fouling indicesIn
Page 53 and 54: Frequent shutdowns and start-ups sh
Page 55 and 56: If the differential pressure across
Page 57 and 58: 1. Intake (surface) or well, before
Page 59 and 60: or combined residual chlorine (CRC)
Page 61 and 62: 2.6.5 DBNPADBNPA (2,2, dibromo-3-ni
Page 63 and 64: 2.6.11 Use of Fouling Resistant Mem
Page 65 and 66: 2.11 Treatment of Feedwater Contain
Page 67 and 68: 2.13 Summary of Pretreatment Option
Page 69 and 70: 26. Handbook of Industrial Membrane
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.1 System design information
Page 73 and 74: 3.2 Batch vs. Continuous ProcessAn
Page 75 and 76: 3.4 Single-Stage SystemIn a single-
Page 77 and 78: The apparent salt passage of the sy
Page 79 and 80: Instead of having a separate high-p
Page 81 and 82: 3.9.1 Membrane System Design Guidel
Page 83 and 84: In Table 3.6, the small commercial
Page 85 and 86: Table 3.8 Number of stages of a sea
Page 87 and 88: 3.11 System Performance Projection3
Page 89 and 90:
3.11.2 Design Equations and Paramet
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.10 Design equations for pro
Page 93 and 94:
3.11.3 Comparing Actual Performance
Page 95 and 96:
The high-pressure concentrate is fe
Page 97 and 98:
If the product water from an RO sys
Page 99 and 100:
Besides the above recommendations,
Page 101 and 102:
4. Loading of Pressure VesselsThis
Page 103 and 104:
The process of shimming is performe
Page 105 and 106:
4.5.2 Summary of Large Element Inte
Page 107 and 108:
5. System Operation5.1 Introduction
Page 109 and 110:
5.2.3 Start-Up SequenceProper start
Page 111 and 112:
5.2.4 Membrane Start-Up Performance
Page 113 and 114:
5.5.3 SeawaterIn principle, the ope
Page 115 and 116:
Table 5.1 Reverse osmosis operating
Page 117 and 118:
A. Normalized Permeate FlowQS=ΔPsP
Page 119 and 120:
For the operating conditions we hav
Page 121 and 122:
4. During recirculation of cleaning
Page 123 and 124:
2. The cleaning pump should be size
Page 125 and 126:
6.7 Effect of pH on Foulant Removal
Page 127 and 128:
Cleaning ProcedureThere are seven s
Page 129 and 130:
If the organic fouling is the resul
Page 131 and 132:
There are two factors that greatly
Page 133 and 134:
7. Handling, Preservation and Stora
Page 135 and 136:
7.4 Preservation of RO and NF Syste
Page 137 and 138:
If the normalized actual performanc
Page 139 and 140:
8.3.3 Localization of High Solute P
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 8.2 Permeate probing apparat
Page 143 and 144:
8.4.5 Performance TestThe standard
Page 145 and 146:
8.5.1.1 Low Flow and Normal Solute
Page 147 and 148:
. Metal Oxide FoulingMetal oxide fo
Page 149 and 150:
. Organic FoulingThe adsorption of
Page 151 and 152:
8.5.3 High Pressure DropHigh differ
Page 153 and 154:
In case of fullfit or heat sanitiza
Page 155 and 156:
Breakpoint chlorinationBreak tankBr
Page 157 and 158:
FeedThe input solution to a treatme
Page 159 and 160:
Milligram per litre (mg/L)Mixed-bed
Page 161 and 162:
SBS Sodium bisulfite, NaHSO 3.Scale
Page 163 and 164:
9.2 Specific Conductance of Sodium
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 9.1 Conductivity of ionic so
Page 167 and 168:
9.6 Temperature Correction FactorTa
Page 169 and 170:
9.9 Osmotic Pressure of Sodium Chlo
Page 171 and 172:
Details - TestEquipment andSpecific
Page 173 and 174:
satisfactory for such a determinati
Page 175 and 176:
case for almost all tested biocides
Page 177 and 178:
9.12 Key Word IndexAbrasion - 150 B
Page 179 and 180:
Positive displacement pump - 95 Shu
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FilmTec Technical Manual - Chester Paul Company

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