The Netherlands Drug Situation 2010 - Trimbos-instituut

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Identified without lab testsIn 2009 4,759 tablets or tablets were recognised (or classified) on the basis of a visualanalysis, Marquis test and identification lists. This is 54% of all tablets delivered by consumersto the DIMSTM. The majority was sold as ecstasy or ecstasy-like substance(n=4,666). Table 10.3.1 shows that about one-third of these ecstasy tablets did not containMDMA (or alike substance). The second most common substance was mCPP (22%).Table 10.3.1: Composition of tablets sold as ecstasy identified by identification lists (andnot analysed in the laboratory)Substance N %MDMA 2,916 62mCPP 1,044 22Mephedrone 258 62C-B 173 4Cafeine 58 1(meth)amphetamine 77 2MDMA/MDEA 30 1MDMA/mCPP 24 1mCPP/(meth)amphetamine 11 04-Fluoramphetamine 13 0Other active/miscellaneous 42 1Non-active 20 0Total 4,666 100%Source: DIMS TM , Trimbos InstituteLaboratory analysisEcstasy: decreasing proportion of tablets with MDMA in 2008/2009In 2009, a total of 2,181 tablets sold as ecstasy were delivered to DIMSTM and analysedin the laboratory. Table 10.3.2 shows the percentage of analysed tablets containing certainsubstance(s), or a combination of substances. These categories are mutually exclusive. The total percentage of ecstasy tablets containing MDMA (and/or an MDMA-like substance,such as MDEA, MDA) as the only scheduled drugs has decreased from 2007 to2008 and 2009. Results for the first half of 2010 point at a 'recovery' of the ecstasymarket. At the same time the percentage of tablets containing miscellaneous substances hasclearly increased in 2008 and 2009. This was mainly due to an increase of tabletscontaining mCPP (12% in 2009) and mephedrone (7%). In the first half of 2010, ecstasytablets also commonly contained mCPP (9%); other substances were domperidon(4%) and metoclopramide (93%). Mephedrone (2%) seems to disappear now theecstasy market seem to 'recover', which may be a positive development given itspossible abuse liability (Brunt et al., 2010). In 2009, amphetamine was detected in 3.8% and methamphetamine in 1.1% of allsamples (both with and without an MDMA-like substance).149
Table 10.3.2: Content of tablets sold as ‘ecstasy’ based on laboratory analysesNumber of tabletsanalysedOnly MDMA-likesubstances2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010*1985 2140 2523 2319 2183 2181 118691.90% 88.60% 83.20% 84.60% 70.50% 70.75% 82.33%(Meth)amphetamine 0.80% 4.00% 1.80% 0.70% 1.10% 4.91% 3.04%MDMA-like substances and(meth)amphetamine0.30% 1.40% 2.20% 1.30% 1.40% 1.28% 1.26%Others ** 4.50% 0.30% 4.50% 3.80% 7.40% 1.40% 1.43%Miscellaneous*** 2.50% 5.70% 8.30% 9.60% 17.70% 21.66% 11.94%* Data for 2010 are from January-June. ** Category 'others' may include samples with MDMA and for examplecaffeine and other pharmacologically active non-scheduled substances. ***In 2009: The category miscellaneousconsisted mainly of mCPP (11.60%) and mephedrone (7.4%). Source: DIMSTM, Trimbos Institute.The concentration of MDMA in tablets has always shown a wide variation. Excludingecstasy tablets without any trace of MDMA, in 2009 18% of the ecstasy tablets containedbetween 1 and 35 mg MDMA, 40% contained between 36 and 70 mg and,32% between 71 and 105 mg and 11% contained a high dose of over 106 mg.The average amount of MDMA in tablets (containing at least 1 mg MDMA?) stronglydecreased from 81 mg in 2008 to 66 mg in 2009. In 2010, the averaged dose increasedagain and even exceeded levels above those in previous years (see figure10.3.1). Note, however, that the data for 2010 concern averages for relatively shorttime periods.These developments (% of ecstasy tablets containing no MDMA like substance, decreasingconcentration of MDMA) point at a temporarily reduced availability of MDMAin 2009, with clear indications of a restoration of the ecstasy market in 2010.Figure 10.3.1: Average concentration of MDMA in tablets sold as ecstasy** in tablets containing at least 1 mg MDMA. Source: DIMS TM .150
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Margriet van Laar, Guus Cruts, Andr
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ColophonThis National Report was su
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PREFACEThe Report on the Drug Situa
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9.6 New developments 14110 Drug mar
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these groups are relatively scarce.
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oasted by means of programs to prev
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Part A: New developments and trends
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Regulation Opium Act Exemptions (mi
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Medicinal cannabisOn 6 October 2009
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The Public Administration Probity S
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local circumstances into account. T
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The police district of West and Cen
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treatment for drug addiction. "Labe
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2 Drug use in the population2.1 Dru
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Table 2.1.3Annual prevalence and nu
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Cannabis and age (of onset)Figure 2
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ment of regular cannabis use (4 or
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Table 2.3.1Prevalence (%) of substa
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the ecstasy (see also § 10.3), som
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Table 2.3.2Prevalence of substance
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3 PreventionIntroductionIn the Neth
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CVGU). this Centre will support loc
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friends list in Windows live Messen
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entiate for group characteristics l
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in the number of problem opiate use
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emaining 131 problem hard drug user
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The largest difference in the propo
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Logistic regression analysis showed
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5 Drug-related treatment: treatment
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National performance indicatorsAn i
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From May 2010 FACT will be offered
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using cannabis, it is developed by
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clients received treatment in Amste
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Figure 5.3.1: Distribution of new c
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Figure 5.3.3: Gender distribution b
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Table 5.3.1: Clinical admissions to
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In 2009, 692 new HIV diagnoses were
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Other risk behaviour included tatto
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Of the 168 new AIDS diagnoses in 20
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The Municipal Health Service (GGD)
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addiction care centre (hepatitis B
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o Chronic carriership was found in
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(4%), and hallucinogenic mushrooms
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Table 6.2.2: Information requests r
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6.3 Drug-related deaths and mortali
Page 99: Figure 6.3.2: Trends in age distrib
Page 103 and 104: Figure 7.2.1 Number of syringes exc
Page 105 and 106: The expert group also discussed the
Page 107 and 108: Iriszorg is further experimenting w
Page 109 and 110: In line with the national policy th
Page 111 and 112: "The proportions of non-Western eth
Page 113 and 114: drugs. However, there is a narrow b
Page 115 and 116: Table 8.2.1: Programs for social re
Page 117 and 118: Evaluation researchFor the city of
Page 119 and 120: and 2009 has found that hostels rol
Page 121 and 122: against money laundering and other
Page 123 and 124: Table 9.1.1: Investigations into mo
Page 125 and 126: amounts, which are considered as me
Page 127 and 128: Opium Act offenders in prisons (fig
Page 129 and 130: cases is increasing. The proportion
Page 131 and 132: property crimes is decreasing, wher
Page 133 and 134: country. They offer a combination o
Page 135 and 136: mated 250 to 1,150 detainees in the
Page 137 and 138: Table 9.3.3: Types of assistance of
Page 139 and 140: Figure 9.3.1: Number of persons per
Page 141 and 142: It is important that detainees are
Page 143 and 144: The coming Law on Compulsory Mental
Page 145 and 146: Over half (53%) of the coffee shops
Page 147 and 148: Research on organised crime shows t
Page 149: Table 10.2.1: Number of dismantleme
Page 153 and 154: caine samples solely contained anot
Page 155 and 156: nabidiol (CBD) - in contributing to
Page 157 and 158: 156
Page 159 and 160: 11 History, methods and implementat
Page 161 and 162: diction care was published in 1997
Page 163 and 164: example, there may be a climate in
Page 165 and 166: tion transfer between physicians an
Page 167 and 168: methadone treatment, and guidelines
Page 169 and 170: 11.3.1 Implementation of guidelines
Page 171 and 172: Institute for Quality in Health Car
Page 173 and 174: For most guidelines, the rate of im
Page 175 and 176: The question has remained how to im
Page 177 and 178: Name of Assessors: André van Gagel
Page 179 and 180: WHO guidelines coherence: only to b
Page 181 and 182: Figure 12.1.1:Number of deaths amon
Page 183 and 184: were about 341 deaths among the pro
Page 186 and 187: Part C: Bibliography and annexes185
Page 188 and 189: 13 Bibliography13.1 ReferencesAarts
Page 190 and 191: Burns, T., Fioritti, A., Holloway,
Page 192 and 193: De Jong I, Dijkstra M, Van der Poel
Page 194 and 195: Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 196 and 197: Ivens, Y. and Wittenberg, S. (2008)
Page 198 and 199: Malmberg, M., Overbeek, G., Monshou
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RIEC (2009). Bestuurlijke aanpak va
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Smolders, M., Laurant, M., Van Duin
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T.K.24077-255. Tweede Kamer der Sta
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T.K.32159-5. Tweede Kamer der State
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Van den Berg C, et al. (2007). Majo
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Van Veldhuizen, J.R. (2007). FACT:
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13.2 Alphabetic list of relevant da
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LMR, Landelijke Medische Registrati
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13.3 List of relevant internet addr
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http://www.tactus.nl/http://www.ggz
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Table 9.1.1: Investigations into mo
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14.3 List of abbreviations used in
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PPCRIOBRIScRIVMROMSCPSHMSOVSRMSTISV
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