The Netherlands Drug Situation 2010 - Trimbos-instituut

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Table of contentsPreface 5Summary 9Part A: New developments and trends 151 Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis 171.1 Legal framework 171.2 National action plan, strategy, evaluation and coordination 231.3 Economic analysis 272 Drug use in the population 312.1 Drug use in the general population 312.2 Drug use in the school and youth populations 332.3 Drug use among targeted groups 373 Prevention 453.1 Universal prevention 463.2 Selective prevention and indicated prevention 473.3 Mass media campaigns 493.4 Research 494 Problem drug use 534.1 Prevalence estimates of problem drug users 534.2 Data on problem drug users from non-treatment sources 554.3 Intensive, frequent, long-term and other problematic forms of use 605 Drug-related treatment: treatment demand and availability 635.1 Strategy/policy 635.2 Treatment systems 635.3 Clients in treatment 716 Health correlates and consequences 796.1 Drug-related infectious diseases 796.2 Other drug-related morbidity 906.3 Drug-related deaths and mortality among drug users 967 Responses to health correlates and consequences 1017.1 Prevention of drug-related emergencies and drug-related deaths 1017.2 Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases 1017.3 Responses to other health correlates among drug users 1078 Social correlates and consequences 1098.1 Social exclusion 1098.2 Social reintegration 1129 Drug related crime, prevention of drug related crime and prison 1199.1 Drug related crime 1199.2 Prevention of drug related crime 1309.3 Interventions in the criminal justice system 1329.4 Drug use and problem drug use in prison 1409.5 Responses to drug related health issues 1417
9.6 New developments 14110 Drug markets 14310.1 Availability and supply 14310.2 Seizures 14710.3 Price/purity 148Part B: Selected issues 15711 History, methods and implementation of national treatmentguidelines 15811.1 History and overall framework 15811.2 Existing guidelines: framework and content per guideline 16011.3 Experiences in the Netherlands with the implementation of guidelines 16711.4 Comparison with the WHO guidelines on pharmacological treatment 175of opiate dependence12 Mortality related to drug use: a comprehensive approach andpublic health implications 17912.1 Overall mortality among problem drug users 17912.2 Conclusions from a public health perspective 182Part C: Bibliography and annexes 18513 Bibliography 18713.1 References 18713.2 Alphabetic list of relevant data bases 21113.3 List of relevant internet addresses 21514 Annexes 21914.1 List of tables used in the text 21914.2 List of graphs used in the text 22014.3 List of abbreviations used in the text 222Map of the Netherlands: provinces and major cities 2258
Page 1 and 2: Margriet van Laar, Guus Cruts, Andr
Page 3 and 4: ColophonThis National Report was su
Page 6: PREFACEThe Report on the Drug Situa
Page 11 and 12: these groups are relatively scarce.
Page 13 and 14: oasted by means of programs to prev
Page 16: Part A: New developments and trends
Page 19 and 20: Regulation Opium Act Exemptions (mi
Page 21 and 22: Medicinal cannabisOn 6 October 2009
Page 23 and 24: The Public Administration Probity S
Page 25 and 26: local circumstances into account. T
Page 27 and 28: The police district of West and Cen
Page 29 and 30: treatment for drug addiction. "Labe
Page 32 and 33: 2 Drug use in the population2.1 Dru
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.1.3Annual prevalence and nu
Page 36 and 37: Cannabis and age (of onset)Figure 2
Page 38 and 39: ment of regular cannabis use (4 or
Page 40 and 41: Table 2.3.1Prevalence (%) of substa
Page 42 and 43: the ecstasy (see also § 10.3), som
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.3.2Prevalence of substance
Page 46 and 47: 3 PreventionIntroductionIn the Neth
Page 48 and 49: CVGU). this Centre will support loc
Page 50 and 51: friends list in Windows live Messen
Page 52: entiate for group characteristics l
Page 55 and 56: in the number of problem opiate use
Page 57 and 58:
emaining 131 problem hard drug user
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The largest difference in the propo
Page 61 and 62:
Logistic regression analysis showed
Page 64 and 65:
5 Drug-related treatment: treatment
Page 66 and 67:
National performance indicatorsAn i
Page 68 and 69:
From May 2010 FACT will be offered
Page 70 and 71:
using cannabis, it is developed by
Page 72 and 73:
clients received treatment in Amste
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 5.3.1: Distribution of new c
Page 76 and 77:
Figure 5.3.3: Gender distribution b
Page 78:
Table 5.3.1: Clinical admissions to
Page 81 and 82:
In 2009, 692 new HIV diagnoses were
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Other risk behaviour included tatto
Page 85 and 86:
Of the 168 new AIDS diagnoses in 20
Page 87 and 88:
The Municipal Health Service (GGD)
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addiction care centre (hepatitis B
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o Chronic carriership was found in
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(4%), and hallucinogenic mushrooms
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Table 6.2.2: Information requests r
Page 97 and 98:
6.3 Drug-related deaths and mortali
Page 99:
Figure 6.3.2: Trends in age distrib
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 7.2.1 Number of syringes exc
Page 105 and 106:
The expert group also discussed the
Page 107 and 108:
Iriszorg is further experimenting w
Page 109 and 110:
In line with the national policy th
Page 111 and 112:
"The proportions of non-Western eth
Page 113 and 114:
drugs. However, there is a narrow b
Page 115 and 116:
Table 8.2.1: Programs for social re
Page 117 and 118:
Evaluation researchFor the city of
Page 119 and 120:
and 2009 has found that hostels rol
Page 121 and 122:
against money laundering and other
Page 123 and 124:
Table 9.1.1: Investigations into mo
Page 125 and 126:
amounts, which are considered as me
Page 127 and 128:
Opium Act offenders in prisons (fig
Page 129 and 130:
cases is increasing. The proportion
Page 131 and 132:
property crimes is decreasing, wher
Page 133 and 134:
country. They offer a combination o
Page 135 and 136:
mated 250 to 1,150 detainees in the
Page 137 and 138:
Table 9.3.3: Types of assistance of
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 9.3.1: Number of persons per
Page 141 and 142:
It is important that detainees are
Page 143 and 144:
The coming Law on Compulsory Mental
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Over half (53%) of the coffee shops
Page 147 and 148:
Research on organised crime shows t
Page 149 and 150:
Table 10.2.1: Number of dismantleme
Page 151 and 152:
Table 10.3.2: Content of tablets so
Page 153 and 154:
caine samples solely contained anot
Page 155 and 156:
nabidiol (CBD) - in contributing to
Page 157 and 158:
156
Page 159 and 160:
11 History, methods and implementat
Page 161 and 162:
diction care was published in 1997
Page 163 and 164:
example, there may be a climate in
Page 165 and 166:
tion transfer between physicians an
Page 167 and 168:
methadone treatment, and guidelines
Page 169 and 170:
11.3.1 Implementation of guidelines
Page 171 and 172:
Institute for Quality in Health Car
Page 173 and 174:
For most guidelines, the rate of im
Page 175 and 176:
The question has remained how to im
Page 177 and 178:
Name of Assessors: André van Gagel
Page 179 and 180:
WHO guidelines coherence: only to b
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 12.1.1:Number of deaths amon
Page 183 and 184:
were about 341 deaths among the pro
Page 186 and 187:
Part C: Bibliography and annexes185
Page 188 and 189:
13 Bibliography13.1 ReferencesAarts
Page 190 and 191:
Burns, T., Fioritti, A., Holloway,
Page 192 and 193:
De Jong I, Dijkstra M, Van der Poel
Page 194 and 195:
Ganpat, S., Wits, E., Schoenmakers,
Page 196 and 197:
Ivens, Y. and Wittenberg, S. (2008)
Page 198 and 199:
Malmberg, M., Overbeek, G., Monshou
Page 200 and 201:
RIEC (2009). Bestuurlijke aanpak va
Page 202 and 203:
Smolders, M., Laurant, M., Van Duin
Page 204 and 205:
T.K.24077-255. Tweede Kamer der Sta
Page 206 and 207:
T.K.32159-5. Tweede Kamer der State
Page 208 and 209:
Van den Berg C, et al. (2007). Majo
Page 210 and 211:
Van Veldhuizen, J.R. (2007). FACT:
Page 212 and 213:
13.2 Alphabetic list of relevant da
Page 214 and 215:
LMR, Landelijke Medische Registrati
Page 216 and 217:
13.3 List of relevant internet addr
Page 218:
http://www.tactus.nl/http://www.ggz
Page 221 and 222:
Table 9.1.1: Investigations into mo
Page 223 and 224:
14.3 List of abbreviations used in
Page 225 and 226:
PPCRIOBRIScRIVMROMSCPSHMSOVSRMSTISV
Page 227 and 228:
226
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