omb3dyw

ADVERSE IMPACTS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS/FOODS :A COMPILATION OF SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES WITH ABSTRACTS23. Gebhard F and Smalla K (1999) : Monitoring field releases of geneticallymodified sugar beets for persistence of transgenic plant DNA andhorizontal gene transfer. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 28 (3) : 261-72.Field releases of transgenic rizomania-resistant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plantswere accompanied by a study of the persistence of DNA from transgenic sugarbeet litter in soil and of horizontal gene transfer of plant DNA to bacteria. Thetransgenic sugar beets contained the marker genes nptII and bar under thecontrol of the bidirectional TR1/2 promoter conferring kanamycin (Km) andglufosinate ammonium resistance to the plant. Primer systems targeting theconstruct allowed the specific and sensitive detection of the transgenic DNA insoil. Soil samples were analyzed by cultivation of bacteria on nonselective andKm-selective media to determine the proportion of Km-resistant bacteria and tomonitor the culturable fraction for incorporation of transgenic plant DNA. To detectthe presence of transgenic DNA independently from cultivation, total soil DNA wasextracted and amplified by PCR with three different primer sets specific for thetransgenic DNA. Long-term persistence of transgenic DNA could be shown underfield conditions (up to 2 years) and also in soil microcosms with introducedtransgenic plant DNA. No construct-specific sequences were detected by dot blothybridizations of bacterial isolates. The experimental limitations of detectinghorizontal gene transfer from plants to bacteria under field conditions are discussed.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00581.x/Abstract24. Grillot-Courvalin C, Goussand S, Huetz F, Ojcius DM and Courvalin P (1998): Functional gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to mammalian cells.Nature Biotech 16: 862-66.We provide evidence of direct transfer of functional DNA from bacteria tomammalian cells. An Escherichia coli K12 diaminopimelate auxotroph madeinvasive by cloning the invasin gene from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis transfersDNA after simple co-incubation, into a variety of mammalian cell lines. Transferefficiency was enhanced in some cells by coexpression of the gene for listeriolysinfrom Listeria monocytogenes. Expression of the acquired genes occurs in bothdividing and quiescent cells. The only requirement for bacteria to transfer geneticmaterial into nonprofessional phagocytic cells and macrophages is the ability toinvade the host cell.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Functional+gene+transfer+from+intracellular+bacteria+to+mammalian+cells.+Nature+Biotech+16%3A+862-6625. Nielsen KM, Bones AM, Smalla K and van Elsas JD (1998) : Horizontal genetransfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria–a rare event? FEMSMicrobiology Reviews 22: 79-103.Today, 12 years after the first field release of a genetically modified plant (GMP),over 15,000 field trials at different locations have been performed. As new and(190)