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GENETIC ENGINEERING & HEALTH IMPACTSof different factors (sex, weeks of feeding, diet, dose and group). Our analysisclearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linked with GM maize consumption,which were sex- and often dose-dependent. Effects were mostly associated withthe kidney and liver, the dietary detoxifying organs, although different between the3 GMOs. Other effects were also noticed in the heart, adrenal glands, spleen andhaematopoietic system. We conclude that these data highlight signs ofhepatorenal toxicity, possibly due to the new pesticides specific to each GM corn.In addition, unintended direct or indirect metabolic consequences of the geneticmodification cannot be excluded.http://www.biolsci.org/v05p0706.htm14. Trabalza-Marinucci M, Brandi G, Rondini C, et al. (2008) : A three-yearlongitudinal study on the effects of a diet containing genetically modifiedBt176 maize on the health status and performance of sheep. LivestockScience. 113(2) : 178–190.This study shows that a diet including insect-resistant Bt176 maize, fed to 53ewes and their progeny for 3 years, did not have adverse effects on their health orperformance and that no horizontal gene transfer to ruminal microorganisms oranimal tissues was detected. No differences were observed regardingperformance, reproductive traits, haematological parameters, antioxidantdefences, lymphocyte proliferative capacity, phagocytosis and intracellular killingof macrophages, and ruminal microbial population characteristics between controland genetically modified (GM) maize-fed animals. Immune response toSalmonella abortus ovis vaccination was more efficient in GM maize fed sheep.No modifications of histological features of tissues were found; however,cytochemical analyses of ruminal epithelium by Ki67 staining provided evidenceof proliferative activation of basal cells in all GM maize-fed ewes. Preliminaryelectron microscopy analyses of the liver and pancreas revealed smaller cellnuclei containing increased amounts of heterochromatin and perichromatingranules in GM maize-fed lambs. Meat protein content and water loss by cookingwere slightly affected by the dietary treatment. No transgenic DNA was detected intissues, blood, and ruminal fluid or ruminal bacteria. Longitudinal studies shouldbe included in evaluation of food safety whenever possible and sheep may be auseful animal model for toxicological assessment.15. Finamore, A., Roselli, M., Britti, S., Monastra, G., Ambra, R., Turrini, A.,Mengheri, E. (2008) : Intestinal and peripheral immune response toMON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J. Agric. Food Chem.56, 11533–11539.This study evaluated the gut and peripheral immune response to geneticallymodified (GM) maize in mice in vulnerable conditions. Weaning and old micewere fed a diet containing MON810 or its parental control maize or a pellet dietcontaining a GM-free maize for 30 and 90 days. The immunophenotype of intestinalintraepithelial, spleen, and blood lymphocytes of control maize fed mice was(73)