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ADVERSE IMPACTS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS/FOODS :A COMPILATION OF SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES WITH ABSTRACTS44. Andow, D.A. and A. Hilbeck. (2004) : Science-based risk assessment fornon-target effects of transgenic crops. Bioscience 54 (7) : 637-649Nontarget risk assessment for transgenic crops should be case specific,depending on the plant, the transgene, and the intended release environment.We propose an ecological risk-assessment model that preserves the strengthsand avoids the deficiencies of two other commonly used models, the ecotoxicologyand nonindigenous-species models. In this model, locally occurring nontargetspecies are classified into groups according to their ecological function. Withineach group, ecological criteria are used to select the species that are most likelyto be affected by the transgenic crop. Initial experimental assessments areconducted in the laboratory and consist of two kinds of test: toxicity tests usingpurified transgene product, and whole-plant tests using intact transgenic plants.For nontarget natural enemy species, it will also be important to evaluate bothdirect bitrophic impacts and indirect tritrophic impacts.45. Freese W and Schubert D (2004) : Safety testing and regulation ofGenetically Engineered foods. Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringReviews. Vol 21. 299-324We have described the US regulatory system for GE foods, and with specificexamples pointed out serious deficiencies in both regulatory oversight andcorporate testing procedures. It is clear that the US regulatory process must bemade mandatory, as well as more stringent and transparent. Any legal obstaclesstanding in the way of a thorough, mandatory, premarket review process must beovercome, with new statutes specifically designed for genetically engineeredfoods. Truly sound science must prevail in the debate over genetically engineeredfoods to ensure the safety of both consumers and the environment. The outlinefor an initial screening regimen proposed here offers an additional step towardthis end.http://www.saveourseeds.org/downloads/schubert_safety_reg_us_11_2004.pdf46. F Cellini, A Chesson, I Colquhoun, A Constable, H.V Davies, K.HEngel , , A.M.R Gatehouse, S Kärenlampi, E.J Kok, J.-J Leguay, SLehesranta, H.P.J.M Noteborn, J Pedersen, M Smith (2004) : SafetyAssessment, Detection and Traceability, and Societal Aspects ofGenetically Modified Foods European Network on Safety Assessment ofGenetically Modified Food Crops. Food and Chemical Toxicology. Vol 42(7): 1089–1125The commercialisation of GM crops in Europe is practically non-existent at thepresent time. The European Commission has instigated changes to the regulatoryprocess to address the concerns of consumers and member states and to pavethe way for removing the current moratorium. With regard to the safety of GMcrops and products, the current risk assessment process pays particular attention(248)