to download Yang Sheng as a PDF

cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-upStudy (1986-2010).EXPOSURES: Post-diagnostic intake of saturated,monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans,animal, and vegetable fat.MAIN OUTCOMES: Lethal prostate cancer(distant metastases or prostate cancer-specificdeath) and all-cause mortality.RESULTS: We observed 315 events of lethalprostate cancer and 1064 deaths (median followup,8.4 years). Crude rates per 1000 person-yearsfor lethal prostate cancer were as follows(highest vs lowest quintile of fat intake): 7.6 vs7.3 for saturated, 6.4 vs 7.2 for monounsaturated,5.8 vs 8.2 for polyunsaturated, 8.7 vs 6.1 fortrans, 8.3 vs 5.7 for animal, and 4.7 vs 8.7 forvegetable fat. For all-cause mortality, the rateswere 28.4 vs 21.4 for saturated, 20.0 vs 23.7 formonounsaturated, 17.1 vs 29.4 for polyunsaturated,32.4 vs 17.1 for trans, 32.0 vs 17.2 for animal,and 15.4 vs 32.7 for vegetable fat. Replacing10% of energy intake from carbohydrate withvegetable fat was associated with a lower risk oflethal prostate cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 0.71;95% CI, 0.51-0.98; P = .04) and all-cause mortality(HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88; P = .001). Noother fats were associated with lethal prostatecancer. Saturated and trans fats after diagnosis(replacing 5% and 1% of energy from carbohydrate,respectively) were associated with higherall-cause mortality (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.05-1.60;P = .02] and 1.25 [95% CI, 1.05-1.49; P = .01],respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Among men with nonmetastaticprostate cancer, replacing carbohydratesand animal fat with vegetable fat may reduce therisk of all-cause mortality. The potential benefitof vegetable fat for prostate cancer-specific outcomesmerits further research.BACKGROUND: Adequate nutrition is importantfor optimal immune and metabolic function.Dietary support may, therefore, improveclinical outcomes in HIV-infected individuals byreducing the incidence of HIV-associated complicationsand attenuating progression of HIV disease,improving quality of life and ultimately reducingdisease-related mortality.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness ofvarious macronutrient interventions, givenorally, in reducing morbidity and mortality inadults and children living with HIV infection.METHODS: We searched CENTRAL (up to August2011), MEDLINE (1966 to August 2011),EMBASE (1988 to August 2011), LILACS (up toFebruary 2012), and Gateway (March 2006-February 2010). We also scanned reference listsof articles and contacted authors of relevant studiesand other researchers.SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlledtrials evaluating the effectiveness ofmacronutrient interventions compared withno nutritionalsupplements or placebo in the managementof adults and children infected with HIV.DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS: Three reviewersindependently applied study selectioncriteria, assessed study quality, and extracteddata. Effects were assessed using mean differenceand 95% confidence intervals. Homogenous studieswere combined wherever it was clinicallyNutritional interventions for reducing morbidityand mortality in people with HIV. Cochrane DatabaseSyst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;2:CD004536. ByGrobler L, Siegfried N, Visser ME, et al. from Centrefor Evidence-based Health Care, StellenboschUniversity, Cape Town, South Africa. liesl.nicol@gmail.com.14 Yang-Sheng (Nurturing Life) Volume 3, Issue No. 3