The principles of Latin grammar; comprising the ... - Essan.org

106 THE VEKB.—PARTICIPLES. § 49182.—§ 49. PARTICIPLES.1. Participles are parts of the verb which contain noaffirmation, but express the meaning of the verb considered asa general quality or condition of an object ; as, dmans, " loving;" doctus, " learned."2. Participles belong partly to the verb, and partly to theadjective. From the former, they have signification, voice,and tense; from the latter, declension; those in ns are of thethird declension, and declined like prudens (99-2) : all othersare of the first and second, and declined like bonus (98-1). Inconstruction, they have the government of the verb, and theconcord, or agreement of the adjective (§ 98).3. When the idea of time is separated from the participle,it becomes a participial or verbal adjective, and is capable ofcomparison ; as, doctus, doctlor, doctlssimus, " learned, morelearned, most learned."4. To the same class, also, belong participles whose meaningis reversed or modified by composition with words, orparticiples never combined with other parts of the same verbas, Innocens, Indoctus, Impransus, nefandus, &c. The perfectparticiple with the negative prefix in, frequently denotes a passive—impossibility, usually expressed in Latin by adjectives inills or bills; as, invlctus miles, " an invincible soldier ;" Incorruptusclvis, " an incorruptible citizen."5. The time of the participle, like that of the infinitive, isestimated from the time of the leading verb ; i. e. the accompanyingaction or state expressed by the participle is present,past, or future, at the time indicated by the leading verb,with which it is connected ; thus, vldl eum venientem, " I sawhim coming ;" Numa, Gurtbus ndtus, rex credtus est, " Numa,born at Cures, was made king ;" elephantes amnem transituriminimos prcemittunt, " elephants, about to cross a river, sendthe smallest first."Note 1.—The perfect participle, both of deponent and common verbs, oftenexpresses an action nearly, or entirely, contemporaneous with that of theleading verb. In such cases, it is better rendered, into English, by the presentparticiple in ing, than by its ordinary rendering; as, Hoc facinus rexmiraius juvenem dimisit, "The king, admiring this act, dismissed theyouth." Liv. Arbitr atus id bellum celeriter confici posse, eo exercltumadduxit. (Ies,— Hac arte Pollux — enisus, arces attigit igneas. Hoe.— Columbajlxamque refert delay 8 a sagltiam. Vmo. Pwribis send quemque seeuti,agrnlne vartitG, fulgent. So also the perfect participle of the active verb, seeNo. S,JVote ?,—;