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§ 147 SYNTAX.—GERUNDS. 285the verb.As, therefore, the rules which apply to the construction of nounsunci verbs, apply to the gerund, it is unnecessary to repeat them here.All that is peculiar to the construction of the gerund, is comprised in thefollowing Rules and Observations.699.—Rule LXL—The verb Est with the gerundfor its subject, implies necessity, and governsthe dative of the doer ; as,Kom. Legendum est mihi, I must read, lit. reading is to me.Noin. Moriendum est omnibus, All must die, lit. dying is to all.Ace. Scio moriendum esse mihi, I know that I must die, lit. that dyingis to me.700.—EXPLANATION. The dative here is governed by est, accordingto R. II (894.) In the first and second examples, the gerund in the nominativeis the subject of est, which agrees with it by E. IV. (303.) In the thirdexample, the gerund is in the accusative, and the subject of esse, by E. LVIII.(671.) The necessity implied in this construction is stronger than that expressedby the participle in dus, the latter implying only that a thiug is to bedone, or should be done,—the former that it must be done. See 214-9.701.— Obs. 1. The dative of the doer in this construction is often understood; as, Orandum est (ti bi) ut sit sdna mens in corpore sdno.702.— Obs. 2. The gerund in di, of the genitive case, isgoverned by substantives or adjectives ;as,Tempus legendi, Time of reading, 332.Cupidus discendi, Desirous of learning, 349.703.— Obs. 3. The gerund in do, of the dative case, is governed by adjectives, signifying usefulness or fitness ; as,Charta utilis scribendo, Paper used for writing, 382.Sometimes it is governed by verbs; as, adesse scribendo. Cic. Ap*tat habendo ensem. Virg. Is finis censendo /actus est.704.— Obs. fi.The gerund in dura, of the accusative case,native of the gerund, is really the neuter of the participle in dus, in a passivesense, joined with the verb est used impersonally. Thus, studendum estmihi, they think should be literally rendered kt it is to be studied by me."Though this solution is plausible, and would seem to answer in many cases,there are others in which we. at least, cannot see how it could be applied.It cannot be applied unless the participle in dus in all cases has, or may have,a passive sense ;but of this there is no evidence, and facts are opposed to it.Thus, it will hardly be admitted as a literal rendering of moriendum est omnibus,to say " it is to be died by all," and it certainly cannot be so used in thoseexamples in which it governs the same case that it does in its active sense;thus, vtrum pace nobis an bello esset utendvm. Cic. Quum suo culquej u d i c i o utendvm sit. Indeed, the fact that gerunds, in all cases, do governthe case of their own verb, seems to be opposed to their being consideredas parts of the passive participle in dus.