Understanding Map Projections

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10,000,000 meters to ensure that all y values arepositive. Zone 1 is at 177° W.The Gauss–Krüger coordinate system is very similarto the UTM coordinate system. Europe is dividedinto zones six degrees wide with the centralmeridian of zone 1 equal to 3° E. The parameters arethe same as UTM except for the scale factor, which isequal to 1.000 rather than 0.9996. Some places alsoadd the zone number times one million to the500,000 false easting value. GK zone 5 could havefalse easting values of 500,000 or 5,500,000 meters.90 •Understanding Map Projections
TWO-POINT EQUIDISTANTpoint represents the correct great circle length butnot the correct great circle path.LIMITATIONSDoes not represent great circle paths.USES AND APPLICATIONSUsed by the National Geographic Society for maps ofAsia.The first point is 117°30' W, 34° N, and the second point is83° W, 40° N.Adapted form used by Bell Telephone system fordetermining the distance used to calculate longdistance telephone rates.DESCRIPTIONThis projection shows the true distance from eitherof two chosen points to any other point on a map.PROJECTION METHODModified planar.POINTS OF CONTACTNone.LINEAR GRATICULESNormally none.PROPERTIESShapeMinimal distortion in the region of the two chosenpoints, if they’re within 45 degrees of each other.Increasing distortion beyond this region.AreaMinimal distortion in the region of the two chosenpoints, if they’re within 45 degrees of each other.Increasing distortion beyond this region.DirectionVarying distortion.DistanceCorrect from either of two chosen points to anyother point on the map. Straight line from eitherSupported map projections• 91
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Understanding Map ProjectionsMelita
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ContentsCHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHIC COORD
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State Plane Coordinate System .....
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GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEMSA geog
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SPHEROIDS AND SPHERESThe shape and
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DATUMSWhile a spheroid approximates
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2ProjectedcoordinatesystemsProjecte
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WHAT IS A MAP PROJECTION?Whether yo
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PROJECTION TYPESBecause maps are fl
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maintained for both small-scale and
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Planar projectionsPlanar projection
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OTHER PROJECTIONSThe projections di
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The four parameters above are used
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GEOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATION METHODSMo
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Unless explicitly stated, it’s im
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National Transformation version 2Li
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LIST OF SUPPORTED MAP PROJECTIONSAi
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LoximuthalMcBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar
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AITOFFUSES AND APPLICATIONSDevelope
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ALASKA SERIES ELIMITATIONSThis proj
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AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANTAreaDistortion
Page 46 and 47: BIPOLAR OBLIQUE CONFORMAL CONICDESC
Page 48 and 49: CASSINI-SOLDNERAreaNo distortion al
Page 50 and 51: CRASTER PARABOLICDistanceScale is t
Page 52 and 53: DOUBLE STEREOGRAPHICOblique aspect
Page 54 and 55: ECKERT IIThe central meridian is 10
Page 56 and 57: ECKERT IVparallels. Nearer the pole
Page 58 and 59: ECKERT VIcentral meridian. Scale is
Page 60 and 61: EQUIDISTANT CYLINDRICALLINES OF CON
Page 62 and 63: GALL’S STEREOGRAPHICAreaArea is t
Page 64 and 65: GEOCENTRIC COORDINATE SYSTEMGeograp
Page 66 and 67: GNOMONICPROPERTIESShapeIncreasingly
Page 68 and 69: HAMMER-AITOFFLIMITATIONSUseful only
Page 70 and 71: KROVAKDirectionLocal angles are acc
Page 72 and 73: LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONICAreaMinimal
Page 74 and 75: LOXIMUTHALDistanceScale is true alo
Page 76 and 77: MERCATORGreenland is only one-eight
Page 78 and 79: MOLLWEIDEDistanceScale is true alon
Page 80 and 81: ORTHOGRAPHICPROPERTIESShapeMinimal
Page 82 and 83: PLATE CARRÉEDirectionNorth, south,
Page 84 and 85: POLYCONICDirectionLocal angles are
Page 86 and 87: RECTIFIED SKEWED ORTHOMORPHICDESCRI
Page 88 and 89: SIMPLE CONICEquirectangular project
Page 90 and 91: SPACE OBLIQUE MERCATORDESCRIPTIONTh
Page 92 and 93: Montana—The three zones for Monta
Page 94 and 95: TIMESLIMITATIONSUseful only for wor
Page 98 and 99: UNIVERSAL POLAR STEREOGRAPHICAreaTh
Page 100 and 101: VAN DER GRINTEN IDistanceScale alon
Page 102 and 103: WINKEL IDistanceGenerally, scale is
Page 104 and 105: WINKEL T RIPELDistanceGenerally, sc
Page 107 and 108: Glossaryangular unitsThe unit of me
Page 109 and 110: High Accuracy Reference NetworkA re
Page 111: UTMSee Universal Transverse Mercato
Page 114 and 115: Eckert VI 52ED 1950 6Ellipse 101Ell
Page 116: Projections (continued)planar 17, 1
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Understanding Map Projections

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