∂. ∫∂πª∂¡∞ ∞√ ∆∏ µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞1. ∏ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ £¤Ùȉ·˜«∏ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÛÎËÓ‹ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ∞¯ÈÏϤ· Î·È ÙË ÌËÙ¤Ú· ÙÔ˘ ÙË £¤Ùȉ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛË-Ì·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ appleÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ appleÔÈ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ηıÒ˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ηÙ¢ı›·Ó ÛÙËÓ ‹ÙÙ· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·ÈÛÙÔÓ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÚfiÎÏÔ˘. ∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È Âapple›Û˘ ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ apple·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÁÈ· appleÚÒ-ÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ¤Ó· ·applefi Ù· ÛappleÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ appleÔÈ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ ·Á·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Î·È ÙË ıÏ›„ËappleÔ˘ ÓÈÒıÂÈ Ô ¿ÓıÚˆappleÔ˜ ·apple¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·appleÒÙ·ÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒappleÈÓÔ Á¤ÓÔ˜ fiÚÈÔ, ÙÔÓ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ.√ ∞¯ÈÏχ˜, ıÏÈÌ̤ÓÔ˜, appleËÁ·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚËÌË ·ÎÚÔÁÈ·ÏÈ¿ Î·È Î·Ï› ÙË Ì¿ÓÓ· ÙÔ˘, ÙË ı·-Ï·ÛÛÈÓ‹ ı¿. ÙËÓ appleÚÔÛ¢¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Ë Û˘Ó‹ı˘ ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ ı›·˜ ‡ÓÔÈ·˜ appleÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ(appleÂÚ›appleÙˆÛË ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ Û’ fiÏÔ ÙÔ appleÔ›ËÌ·) ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Âapple›ÎÏËÛ˘ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˘ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜fiÙÈ Ë ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ ı· Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ Û‡ÓÙÔÌË. ∏ £¤ÙȘ ·Ó·‰‡ÂÙ·È ·applefi Ù· ‡‰·Ù· Û·Ó ·¯Ï‡˜, Û ÌÈ·‰Ú·ÛÙÈο ·fiÚÈÛÙË Û‡ÌÊ˘ÚÛË apple·ÚÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ — ‰ÂÓ appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·-Ûıԇ̠ÌÈ·Ó ·ÓıÚˆapplefiÌÔÚÊË ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÍÂappleÂÙÈ¤Ù·È ·applefi Ù· ·̷ٷ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ı·Ï·ÛÛÈ-Ó‹ ·¯Ï‡ appleÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÈ·›· Û˘Ìapple˘ÎÓÒÓÂÙ·È Û ·ÓıÚÒappleÈÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ appleÏ¿È ÛÙÔÓ ‰·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ ‹Úˆ·.ªÈÏ› ÁÈ· Ù· apple¿ıË ÙÔ˘ ÒÚ· appleÔÏÏ‹, ·ÊÔ‡ appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· ÓÈÒÛÔÌ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ applefiÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘, appleÚÔ-ÙÔ‡ Ó· ÂÍ·Ê·ÓÈÛı› ÛÙ· apple·Ú·Û΋ÓÈ· ÁÈ· apple¿Ú· appleÔÏϤ˜ Ú·„ˆ‰›Â˜Ø ÛÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒappleÈÓÔ Âapple›apple‰Ô,ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘, Â›Ó·È ·applefiÏ˘Ù· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁË̤ÓÔ, ·applefi „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¿appleÔ„Ë, Ó· ÈÛÙÔÚ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· apple¿ıËÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ÛÙÔÚÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÌËÙ¤Ú·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ù˘ ˙ËÙ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¢Èfi˜, appleÚÔ-ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ËÙÙËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ fiÛÔ ÂΛÓÔ˜ ı· Ï›appleÂÈ. ∂ΛÓË Û˘ÌʈÓ›, Î·È Ù· appleÚÒ-Ù·-appleÚÒÙ· ÏfiÁÈ· Ù˘ ÂappleÈÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÚ·ÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Âapple·Ó·Ï·Ì-‚¿ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÁÈÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓ¿¯· ıÓËÙfi˜ Û·Ó fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒappleÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛËÌ·-‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ ·applefi ÙË ÌÔ›Ú· Ó· appleÂı¿ÓÂÈ Ó¤Ô˜ (ÛÙ. 417-418). ∂ΛÓË Ê‡ÁÂÈØ Ì· Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· ÙÔ˘ appleÔÈ-ËÙ‹ ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙËÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔÌ ÛÙÔÓ ‰ÚfiÌÔ Ù˘ ÂappleÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Ù˘, fiappleˆ˜ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ appleÈÔ appleÔÏÏÒÓ ·applefi ÙȘ ÂappleÈÛΤ„ÂȘ ıÂÔًوÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì·˜ ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÂΛ,ÛÙËÓ ·ÎÚÔÁÈ·ÏÈ¿, appleÏ¿È ÛÙÔÓ ıÏÈÌ̤ÓÔÓ ∞¯ÈÏϤ·» (Edwards M.W., ÛÂÏ. 251-252).2. √ ıÚ‹ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞¯ÈÏϤ·«[…] ÙËÓ ÔÌËÚÈ΋ πÏÈ¿‰· ÔÈ ‹ÚˆÂ˜ ıÚËÓÔ‡Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ‰È-ηÈÔÏÔÁËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi. ∏ ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚË ‚ÚÈÛÈ¿ ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ÔÌËÚÈÎfi ‹Úˆ· ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ÙÔÓ ·appleÔ-ηϤÛÔ˘Ó Á˘Ó·›Î·Ø Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Û οappleÔÈ· ÛÎËÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÈÏÈ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¤appleÔ˘˜ ¤Ó·˜ ∞¯·Èfi˜Ó· ÂappleÈappleÏ‹ÍÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌappleÔÏÂÌÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌappleÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ·appleÔηÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜“∞¯·È˝‰Â˜” (ÁÈ· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô ªÂӤϷԘ ÛÙÔ ∏ 96Ø appleÚ‚. µ 235 Î·È £ 163), appleÔÙ¤ fï˜Ë ÌÔÌÊ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰¿ÎÚ˘¿ ÙÔ˘˜.ŸÙ·Ó Ô ∞¯ÈÏϤ·˜ apple·ÚÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¿ÙÚÔÎÏÔ, appleÔ˘ ÎÏ·›ÂÈ, Ì ÌÈÎÚfi ÎÔÚÈÙÛ¿ÎÈ appleÔ˘ ÙÚ¤-¯ÂÈ apple›Ûˆ ·applefi ÙË ÌËÙ¤Ú· ÙÔ˘ ( 7 Î.ÂÍ.), Ô Ê›ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹Úˆ· ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙȉڿ ·ÚÓËÙÈο Û’ ·˘Ù¿Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· Î·È Ù· appleÚÔÛappleÂÚÓ¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Î·Ó Ó· Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÂÈ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ appleÔ˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì-‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ó ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÛÙÔÚÁ‹˜ Î·È ÙÚ˘ÊÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜. ŸÙ·Ó apple¿ÏÈ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ∞¯·ÈÒÓ Ô∞Á·Ì¤ÌÓÔÓ·˜, «¯‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ‰¿ÎÚ˘· Û· ‚Ú‡ÛË», appleÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ó· apple¿ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ Ù˘ ÂappleÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜¿appleÚ·ÎÙÔÈ, ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ Âapple›ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÔÌ‹‰Ë appleÔ˘ ÙÔÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ› ÁÈ· ‰ÂÈÏ›·, fi¯È fï˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ÙˆÓ ıÚ‹ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËÙÙÔapple¿ıÂÈ· appleÔ˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ë appleÚfiÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ (π 9 Î.ÂÍ.).º·›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÔÈapplefiÓ appleˆ˜ ÙÔ ÎÏ¿Ì· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ˘appleÔÙÈÌËÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÌËÚÈÎfi ‹Úˆ·Ø ·˘Ùfi˜54
ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· ·Ê‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ‰¿ÎÚ˘¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Î˘Ï‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÂχıÂÚ· ›Ù Û ÌÈ· ȉȈÙÈ΋ ÛÎËÓ‹ Ì’¤Ó· Ê›ÏÔ Â›Ù ÌappleÚÔÛÙ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙÚfiÊÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Ì¿¯Ë, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ·-ÙÔ‡, ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ô ·Ú¯ÈÛÙÚ¿ÙËÁÔ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È fiÙÈ ı· ÙÔ˘ appleÚÔÛ¿„Ô˘Ó ÁÈ’·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÈÏ›· Î·È ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·Ó‰Ú›·˜. ÙËÓ πÏÈ¿‰· Ù· ‰¿ÎÚ˘· Ú¤Ô˘Ó ¿ÊıÔÓ·Ø Ë ›‰È· Ë ÔÌË-ÚÈ΋ Ì¿¯Ë ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Î˘‰È¿ÓÂÈÚ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰·ÎÚ˘fiÂÛÛ· (¡ 765), ·ÊÔ‡ ÎÏ›-ÓÂÈ Ì¤Û· Ù˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÎϤԘ fiÛÔ˘˜ Î·È ıÚ‹ÓÔ˘˜Ø Î·È Ô applefiÏÂÌÔ˜, ›Ù ϤÁÂÙ·È Ì ْ fiÓÔÌ¿ ÙԢ›Ù ÌÂÙˆÓ˘ÌÈο “ÕÚ˘”, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ‰·ÎÚ˘fiÂȘ Î·È appleÔχ‰·ÎÚ˘˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ appleÚfiÍÂÓÔ˜appleÔÏÏÒÓ ‰·ÎÚ‡ˆÓ (apple.¯. ∂ 737, £ 388 Î·È ∆ 318).[…] ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô ∞¯ÈÏϤ·˜, Ô ·ÓÙÈappleÚÔÛˆapple¢ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÔÌËÚÈÎfi˜ ‹Úˆ·˜, appleÚfiÙ˘appleÔËÚˆÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·Ó‰Ú›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÔappleÔ›Ô˘ Ù· ‰¿ÎÚ˘· ÌÓËÌÔÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·applefi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ˆ˜ ÙÔ Ù¤-ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ πÏÈ¿‰·˜ appleÏ¿È ÛÙ· ηÙÔÚıÒÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘, ¤ÙÛÈ appleÔ˘ Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ù˘ ÌËÙ¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú-¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤appleÔ˘˜ (∞ 415), fiÙÈ Ô ÁÈÔ˜ Ù˘, ·Ó Î·È “ÏÈÁfi˙ˆÔ˜” 15 , èκύµορος, δεν µένει ποτέ àδάκρυτοςκαι àπήµων, Ó· ˯› Û·Ó ÙÚ·ÁÈ΋ appleÚÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË appleÔ˘ ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ·ÏËıÈÓ‹. Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ,·Ó Ë πÏÈ¿‰· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¤appleÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÚÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞¯ÈÏϤ·, Â›Ó·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È ÙÔ ¤appleÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ applefiÓÔ˘ÙÔ˘16 , appleÔ˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ıÚ‹ÓÔ˘˜. ŸÙ·Ó Ô ∞Á·Ì¤ÌÓÔÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ê·ÈÚ› ‚›·È· ÙÔ ÙÈÌËÙÈÎfiÁ¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙË µÚÈÛË›‰·, Ô ‹Úˆ·˜ ÎÏ·›ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÎÚË Ù˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ (∞ 349 Î.ÂÍ.). […] ÙÔÓÎfiÛÌÔ ÙÔ˘ √Ì‹ÚÔ˘, ÏÔÈapplefiÓ, Ù· ‰¿ÎÚ˘· ‰ÂÓ “·Ó·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È” ÛÙÔ˘˜ “ηÙÒÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒappleÔ˘˜”Ô‡Ù ÛÙȘ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ “ÛappleÔ˘‰·›Â˜” Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô appleÔÈËÙ‹˜ Ù· ‰›ÓÂÈ ·appleÏfi¯ÂÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ÂÍÔ¯fiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Â˘ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ˘˜, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ appleÈÔ ·Ó‰Ú›Ԣ˜. […]√ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ËÚˆÈÎÔ‡ ıÚ‹ÓÔ˘. […] √È ¿Ó‰Ú˜, fiappleˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ÎÏ·›Ó ¤Íˆ,ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÛÂÓÈÎÔ‡. µÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì ٷ ‰¿ÎÚ˘¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ apple‰›Ô Ù˘ Ì¿¯Ë˜, ÙÔÔappleÔ›Ô Î¿appleÔÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ı· ÙÔ appleÔÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔ ·›Ì· ÙÔ˘˜Ø Â›Ó·È Î·È ·˘Ùfi ·ÎfiÌË ÌÈ· ¤Ó-‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‹ÚˆÂ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÓÙÚ¤appleÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù· ‰¿ÎÚ˘¿ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ∞¯ÈÏϤ·˜, fiÙ·Ó ¯¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·Á·-appleË̤ÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÈÌËÙÈÎfi ‰ÒÚÔ, ÙË µÚÈÛË›‰·, ÎÏ·›ÂÈ θÖν’ âφ’ êλeς πολιÉς, ïρόων âπ’ àπείροναπόντον, Î·È fiÙ·Ó Ô ·Á·appleË̤ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙ·›ÚÔ˜ ΛÙÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÓÂÎÚÔÎÚ¤‚·ÙÔ, Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜Ô ‹Úˆ·˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û‡ÓÙÚÔÊÔ› ÙÔ˘ ‚Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì ٷ ‰¿ÎÚ˘¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ¿ÌÌÔ (æ 15-16). √ appleÔ-ÏÂÌÈÛÙ‹˜ appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· ÎÏ¿„ÂÈ ¤Íˆ, apple¿Óˆ ÛÙ· fiappleÏ· ÙÔ˘ (æ 15-16), ‰›appleÏ· Û’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ appleÔ˘ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÙÚÔÊÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË Ì¿¯Ë, appleÏËÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÓÂÎÚfi Ì ٷ ¿ÏÔÁ· Î·È Ù· ¿ÚÌ·Ù· Ù˘ Ì¿-¯Ë˜ (æ 8)Ø Î·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙËÓ ÂÓÙ‡appleˆÛË fiÙÈ ıÚ‹ÓÔ˜ Î·È Ì¿¯Ë Û˘ÁÁÂÓ‡ԢÓÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÌËÚÈÎfi ‹Úˆ·. ∞ÎfiÌË Î·È fiÙ·Ó Ô ıÚ‹ÓÔ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÎË-Ó‹˜ (∆ 303 Î.ÂÍ.), ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ·appleÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÔÈ-ÎÙÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔapple¤‰Ô˘, appleÔ˘ ·appleÔÙÂÏ› apple‰›Ô ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ‹Úˆ·. ÙÔ apple·Ï¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ÚÈ¿ÌÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ¤Íˆ ·applefi Ù· fiÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔapple¤‰Ô˘, ÛÙÔÓ appleÂÚ›ÎÏÂÈÛÙÔ ¯Ò-ÚÔ Ù˘ applefiψ˜, Ô Á¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜ ‚·ÛÈÏÈ¿˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÁÈÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ŒÎÙÔÚ· ¤Íˆ ÛÙÔÓ ·˘-ÏfiÁ˘ÚÔ (ø 161 Î.ÂÍ.), ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÎfiÚ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ó‡Ê˜ ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÓÔ‡Û·Ó Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ apple·Ï¿ÙÈ (ø 166).√ ÔÌËÚÈÎfi˜ ‹Úˆ·˜ ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ıÚ‹ÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Êˆ˜, ÛÙÔ ÁÓÒÚÈÌÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘,Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙË Á˘Ó·›Î· appleÔ˘ ÎÏ·›ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÛappleÈÙÈÔ‡. […]15. «ÏÈÁfi˙ˆÔ˜» ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ŸÏÁ· ∫ÔÌÓËÓÔ‡-∫·ÎÚȉ‹ («ÔÏÈÁfi˙ˆÔ˜» Ô π. ÔÏ˘Ï¿˜) Î·È «ÏÈÁfi¯ÚÔ-ÓÔ˜» ÔÈ ∫·˙·ÓÙ˙¿Î˘ – ∫·ÎÚȉ‹˜Ø ·ÎÚÈ‚¤ÛÙÂÚ· ·appleÔ‰›‰ÂÈ ÙÔ Âapple›ıÂÙÔ, «Ù·¯˘ı¿Ó·ÙÔ˜», Ô π. ·-ÓÙ·˙›‰Ë˜. µÏ. Âapple›Û˘ Romilly, ËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ appleÚÔÔappleÙÈΤ˜… ÛÂÏ. 22-23.16. °È· ÙÔÓ applefiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ∞¯ÈÏϤ· ‚Ï. Schadewaldt, ÙfiÌÔ µ’, ÛÂÏ. 59 Î.ÂÍ.55
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APXAIA E§§HNIKA (M∆ºƒ.)√Ì
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- Page 7 and 8: ∂π∞°ø°π∫√ ∏ª∂πø
- Page 9 and 10: ÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·
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- Page 13 and 14: ∂¡√∆∏∆∂¢π¢∞∫∆
- Page 15 and 16: Â. ∂appleÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·1Ë
- Page 17 and 18: Ù‹˜ ÙÔÓ ı¤ÏÂÈ apple·Ú
- Page 19 and 20: Î·È apple›Ûˆ ·applefi ÙÈ
- Page 21 and 22: ıËÛË, ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂ
- Page 23 and 24: ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÁÓˆÛ
- Page 25 and 26: 2. √ ıÚ‹ÓÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ο
- Page 27 and 28: ıÚ‹ÓÔ˜ Ù˘ Ì¿Ó·˜ (Û
- Page 29 and 30: B. ÀÏÔappleÔ›ËÛË∏ Ù¿Í
- Page 31 and 32: ∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌappleÔÚÂ
- Page 33 and 34: µÉνιν ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ
- Page 35 and 36: apple¿ÏÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘
- Page 37 and 38: ÛÙ. 21-22: ÙÔ Ú‹Ì· ¢Ï
- Page 39 and 40: ∞applefi ÛÙfiÌ·, ÔappleÔ‡
- Page 41 and 42: ÏfiÁÔ Ô ∞Á·Ì¤ÌÓÔÓ·˜
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