Βιβλίο καθηγητή

Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·» Î·È ÛÙȘ «¢È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜» ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·apple·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ,·ÏÏ¿ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ‹ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ·apple¿ÓÙËÛ˘, fiappleÔ˘ ıˆڋıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ apple·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î¿-appleÔȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ·Ó Î·È Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ· appleÔ˘ ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÌappleÏËڈ̷ÙÈο, fiappleˆ˜ Âapple›Û˘ Ù· ÂÚÌË-Ó¢ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· ·applefi ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ʈٛ˙Ô˘Ó Î¿ı appleÙ˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·appleÔÙÂÏÔ‡Óapple˘Í›‰· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∞˜ ÛËÌÂȈı›, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Î·È Â‰Ò fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌappleÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó··apple·ÓÙËıÔ‡Ó Û appleÔÏÏ¿ Âapple›apple‰·Ø Î·È ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· appleÔ˘ apple·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Â›-Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿, ÁÈ· Ó· ·apple·ÓÙËı› ÌÈ· ÂÚÒÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹.∆Ô ˘ÏÈÎfi appleÔ˘ appleÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙÔ apple·ÚfiÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ ÂÏapple›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ı· Ê·Ó› ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ÂȉÈ-ÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ Ó¤Ô Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ appleÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·applefi ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘, Û οappleÔÈ··appleÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ÓË Âapple·Ú¯›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Î¿ı ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ· ˆ˜ ÂÚ¤ıÈÛÌ·, ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ËÌÈ-Ô˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Ê¿ÎÂÏÔ Ì ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ πÏÈ¿-‰·˜. ’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ë ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· –·ÚıÚÔÁÚ·Ê›· (΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο), Ë ÔappleÔ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘Ø Ë ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ·˘Ù‹ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È appleÏ‹Ú˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Âapple·Ú-΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ πÏÈ¿‰·˜ Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘.ª∂ƒ√ ∞’°∂¡π∫∞ ∆√πÃ∂π∞ – √¢∏°π∂∞. √ π∞∫øµ√ √§À§∞ ø ª∂∆∞ºƒ∞∆∏°È· ÙËÓ ÂappleÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ π¿Î. ÔÏ˘Ï¿ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚·Ó˘applefi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÙȘ ·applefi„ÂȘ appleÔÏÏÒÓ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊˆÓ appleÔ˘ ‰›‰·Í·Ó ÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· ÛÙËÓ ∞’ °˘ÌÓ·-Û›Ô˘ Ì ÙÔ appleÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô √ÌËÚÈο ¤appleË 2, √Ì‹ÚÔ˘ πÏÈ¿‰· (ÂΉ. .π., 2001). √È·applefi„ÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÁÂÁÚ·Ì̤Ó˜ Û ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ ¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ appleÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó η-Ù·ÙÂı› ÛÙÔ .π. Î·È Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ appleÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜. ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋, ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·-Ù˘appleÒÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ·applefi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹.π. «[…] √ ÔÏ˘Ï¿˜ Â›Ó·È Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· appleÔ˘ ı· ͯÒÚÈ˙ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈ-ÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ appleÚ·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·applefi ÙȘ appleÚÔÛÊÔÚ¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ‰¤ÎÙ˘, Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ Ê·-ÓÙ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È fi¯È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋. ŒÙÛÈ Î·ıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·, ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Î·È Î¿appleÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ appleÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·apple·ÈÙÔ‡Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ Ê·-ÓÙ·Û›·. ∂ÓÓÔÒ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘: ·›ÍappleËÚ, ŸÌËÚÔ˜.Ù· 1855 ¤‰ˆÛ ÙËÓ ∆ÚÈÎ˘Ì›· Û ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋ appleÚfi˙· ˘„ˆÌ¤ÓË Ì ÛÙÔȯ›· appleÔÈËÙÈÎ¿Ø ÛÙ·1889 ‰›ÓÂÈ ÕÌÏÂÙ, fiappleÔ˘ Ë appleÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ¿ÓÂÙÔ Óه̷ Û’ ¤Ó· ÛÔ-Ê¿ ‰Ô˘ÏÂ̤ÓÔ È·Ì‚ÈÎfi ‰ÂηÙÚÈÛ‡ÏÏ·‚Ô. ÙÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ‰›ÓÂÈ ŸÌËÚÔ (√‰‡Û-ÛÂÈ· 1875, Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· πÏÈ¿‰· 1890 Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ·). Œ¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ, ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ·applefi ÙÔÓ¿ÏÏË Î·È ·applefi οappleÔȘ apple·ÏÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÔÌËÚÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜, Ó· ˙ËÙԇ̠̤۷ ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿-ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ √Ì‹ÚÔ˘ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÔ‡Ø Ô ÔÏ˘Ï¿˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎÔ-8