Βιβλίο καθηγητή
Βιβλίο καθηγητή
Βιβλίο καθηγητή
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Ù‹˜ apple·Ú¤Î·Ì„ ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÓˆÌ·Ï›·, ÁÈ· Ó· apple·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈο ÙËÓ ÙÈ̈ڛ· ÙԢη˘¯ËÛÈ¿ÚË Âapple›ÔÚÎÔ˘ Îfi‚ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ∞ıËÓ¿˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·ÈÛÙË ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÌÔÚÊÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë appleÔ˘ ‹ıÂÏ ÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÔ‡˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙË Ì¿¯Ë ηÈÓ· ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Î¿appleÔÈÔÓ Â˘ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Úˆ·. ∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË Ù˘ ı¿˜ ¤ˆ˜ Â‰Ò (‚Ï. Î·È Â-ÚÈÏËappleÙÈ΋ ·Ó·‰È‹ÁËÛË Ú·„. ¢) ‰ÂÓ Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È ·applefi ËıÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓÂ˜Ø ÔÈ ıÓËÙÔ›, ˆÛÙfi-ÛÔ, Â›Ó·È ˘apple‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙȘ appleÚ¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÈ̈ÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ¤ÛÙˆ ÎÈ ·Ó ¤apple·ÈÍ·Ó Û’ ·˘-Ù¤˜ οappleÔÈÔ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÔÈ ıÂÔ›: Ô ¿Ó‰·ÚÔ˜ ı· ÌappleÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÌË ‰Â¯Ù› ÙËÓ ˘applefi‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘§·fi‰ÔÎÔ˘-∞ıËÓ¿˜ Î·È Ó· ÌËÓ ÂappleÈÔÚ΋ÛÂÈ.ÛÙ. 297 Î.ÂÍ.: Ô ÔÌËÚÈÎfi˜ ‹Úˆ·˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË Ó›ÎË ÙÔ˘, ¤appleÚÂapple ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ·ÚÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÎÚÔ‡ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈapple¿ÏÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÛÎ˘Ï¤„ÂÈ Ù· fiappleÏ· ÙÔ˘Ø ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈÛ‡ÓÙÚÔÊÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÎÚÔ‡ ¤appleÚÂapple ӷ ÙÔÓ appleÚÔÛٷ٤„Ô˘Ó ·applefi ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·Ù›ÌˆÛË. ∞˘Ùfi apple·-Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıԇ̠ÛÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Ì ÙȘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÓ›· (appleÚ‚. £ 330 Î.ÂÍ., ¡ 419Î.ÂÍ., ƒ 4-8 Î·È ƒ 132-137). ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ô ∆ÚÒ·˜ ‹Úˆ·˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÚÔÌ¿-ÍÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈapple¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, «ÂÊÒÓ·˙ ÙÚÔÌ·ÎÙÈο». °ÂÓÈο Ë appleÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ÎÚ·˘Á‹ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó¤-ηıÂÓ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÚfiappleÔ˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈapple¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì¤ÛÔ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÊÚÔ-Ó‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·¯ËÙ‹ (appleÚ‚. ÙȘ ÎÚ·˘Á¤˜ ÙˆÓ appleÔÏÂÌÈÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ 1821 Î·È ÙËÓ È·-¯‹ «∞¤Ú·!» ÙÔ˘ ¤appleÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ’40). ∏ «ıÂfiÚ·ÙË apple¤ÙÚ·», Âapple›Û˘, appleÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·applefiÙÔÓ ¢ÈÔÌ‹‰Ë ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÓ›· ·appleÔηχappleÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÔÌËÚÈ΋˜ Ì¿-¯Ë˜, Ë ÔappleÔ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È ·applefi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ’21.ÛÙ. 303-304: Ô appleÔÈËÙ‹˜ «¤˙ËÛ appleÔχ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ËÚˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜», ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ Ô ·Ú-¯·›Ô˜ ¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÙ‹˜. ∏ ÊÚ¿ÛË «ÙˆÓ ÙˆÚÈÓÒÓ ıÓËÙÒÓ» Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒappleˆÓÙ˘ ËÚˆÈ΋˜ ÂappleÔ¯‹˜ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙˆÓ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ôȉԇ, «appleÚÔηÏÒÓÙ·˜ ›Ûˆ˜ ¤ÎappleÏË-ÍË ÛÙÔ appleÏ·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ apple·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ fiappleÔ˘ Ë persona ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ appleÔÈËÙ‹ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÂappleÈÌÂ-ÏÒ˜ ÎÚ˘Ì̤ÓË» apple·Ú·ÙËÚ› Ô G.S. Kirk Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ apple·Ú·apple¿Óˆ ÛÙ›¯Ô.ÛÙ. 312 Î.ÂÍ.: appleÚ‚. ° ÛÙ. 374 Î.ÂÍ. ∆· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· appleÔ˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó (fiappleˆ˜ Î·È Ô ÙÚ·˘-Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÕÚË appleÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Ú·„ˆ‰›·˜) ¤¯Ô˘Ó ΈÌÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË.ÛÙ. 314-315: Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ıÂfi˜ ÛÒ˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Â˘ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘ ıÓËÙfi ηχappleÙÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔÓÌ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÓÂÊÔ (apple.¯. ° 381 Î·È À 444-445) ‹ Ú›¯ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÎÔÙ¿‰È ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂappleÈÙÈı¤-ÌÂÓÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈapple¿ÏÔ˘. ∏ ∞ÊÚÔ‰›ÙË Â‰Ò ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiappleÔ ‰È¿ÛˆÛ˘.ÛÙ. 319 Î.ÂÍ.: ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÏÔÁ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÓ›· Ô appleÔÈËÙ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰Èο (∂ 259 Î.ÂÍ.)ØappleÚ‚. ÛÙ. 295-296. √ ÔÌËÚÈÎfi˜ ‹Úˆ·˜ ‹Ù·Ó Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ٷ ¿ÏÔÁ¿ ÙÔ˘, Ù· ÔappleÔ›· appleÔÏ-Ϥ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó ‰ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ıÂÒÓ (appleÚ‚. Ù· ¿ÏÔÁ· ÙÔ˘ ∞¯ÈÏϤ·, ƒ 443 Î.ÂÍ.). ∂apple›Û˘, apple·-Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÛÙË Ì¿¯Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó fi¯È ÁÈ· Ó· appleÔÏÂÌÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‹ÚˆÂ˜ ¤ÊÈappleappleÔÈ, ·Ï-Ï¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Û¤ÚÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¿ÚÌ· apple¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó Î·È appleÔÏÂÌÔ‡ÛÂ Ô ‹Úˆ·˜.ÛÙ. 330 Î.Â.: Ë ·ÚÈÛÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÔÌ‹‰Ë Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È Ô‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È Û ÎÔڇʈÛË ÌÂÙËÓ Î·Ù·‰›ˆÍË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∞ÊÚÔ‰›Ù˘, appleÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ appleÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌËı› ·applefi ÙÔÓappleÔÈËÙ‹ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÂappleÈÙÚ·apple› ·applefi ÙËÓ ∞ıËÓ¿ (∂ 130-131)Ø Ë ÙÂÏÈ΋ ÎÔڇʈÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÈÛÙ›-·˜ ı· appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÔappleÔÈËı› Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ıÂÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ appleÔϤÌÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ÕÚË, appleÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ù¤-ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Ú·„ˆ‰›·˜ (ÛÙ. 855 Î.ÂÍ.). √ ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ı¿˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÙÔÓ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÌÔÚ-ÊÈÛÌfi ÛÙ· ¿ÎÚ·: ηٷ‰›ˆÍË, ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜, ·ÈÌÔÚÚ·Á›· (·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ·›Ì· ÙˆÓ ıÂÒÓ –ȯÒÚ–Â›Ó·È ¿Ì‚ÚÔÙÔÓ = ¿Êı·ÚÙÔ), ÎÚ·˘Á¤˜ applefiÓÔ˘, ˙¿ÏË, ÌÂÏ¿ÓÈ·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ·‡Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÈÎÂ-Û›· ÛÙÔÓ ·‰ÂÏÊfi ÁÈ· ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·, ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË apple·ÚËÁÔÚÈ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁηÏÈ¿ Ù˘ ÌËÙ¤Ú·˜, apple·-71