Assessment of Performance Measurement in - St Clements University

developed mainly in the 1960s. Under this school, strategy is seen
as a unique and collective perspective. The lead role in strategy
formation is played by the collectivity displayed within the
organization. The process of strategy formation is ideological
constrained, collective and deliberate. The major contributors to
the cultural school are Rhenman and Norman (late 1960s).
9. THE ENVIRONMENT SCHOOL: This school perceives strategy
formation as a reactive process, developed mainly in the late
1960s and 70s. Under this school, strategies occupy a specific
position or niche in relation to the environment as an entity. The
lead is passive and imposed and hence, emergent.
The major contributors to the school are Hannan and Freeman
(1977) and contingency theorists like Pugh et al (late 1970s).
10. THE CONFIGURATION SCHOOL: This school of thought which
perceives strategy formation as a transformation process
developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Under this school,
strategy is viewed in relation to a specific context and thus could
be in a form that corresponds to any process visualized under any
of the other nine schools. The process of strategy formation is
integrative, episodic and sequential. In addition, the process could
incorporate the elements pointed out under the other nine schools
of thought. The major contributors to the configuration school are
Chandler (1962), Mintzberg and Miller (late 1970).
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