Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable ... - EGEC

RenewableHeating & CoolingEuropean Technology PlatformAppendix 8List of FiguresFigure A: Estimated distribution of resources by type of activity, distinguishing between priorities with impactin the short-term and medium- to long-term.............................................................................................................. iiiFigure B: Estimation of total resources required to implement the RHC-SRA between 2014 and 2020,in million Euro and in % by sector. ................................................................................................................................ iiiFigure C: Clusters of key research and innovation areas by technology type............................................................................vFigure 1: Structure of the RHC-Platform....................................................................................................................................... 2Figure 2: Final energy use in EU-27 by type of energy and final energy use for heat by individual sector for the year 2010...... 6Figure 3: Heating and cooling supply in the EU-27 (2004-2010).................................................................................................. 7Figure 4: Projections of heating and cooling demand in the EU.................................................................................................. 8Figure 5: Heating supply from renewable energy sources in EU................................................................................................ 9Figure 6: Heating potential by renewable energy sources in EU................................................................................................ 9Figure 7: Modelling of heat consumption and supply until 2020: interlink between the Common Vision and the NREAPs..... 10Figure 8: Scale of Technology Readiness Levels adopted by the RHC-Platform................................................................... 12Figure 9: Comparison of heat costs between different solar thermal applications in different regions and costs ofuseful heat from electricity and natural gas............................................................................................................... 15Figure 10: Collector production costs and market evolution from 1995 until 2020................................................................. 16Figure 11: Full load type testing results of biomass boilers according to EN 303-5 over time.............................................. 19Figure 12: Micro-CHP installations in Europe from 1990-2008.................................................................................................. 21Figure 13: Market potential of micro CHPs in Europe. Source: COGEN Europe (2010)............................................................ 21Figure 14: Increase in efficiency of geothermal heat pumps, shown through the seasonal Coefficientof Performance (sCOP) of state-of-the-art systems, and efficiency increase of heat transferin state-of-the-art borehole heat exchangers, expressed as Hellström-Efficiency ηH...................................... 25Figure 15: Development of specific cost for BHE (i.e. a unit of BHE length) and of required BHE length in Central Europe...... 26Figure 16: Development of system first cost, heat full cost, and electricity consumption of geothermalheat pump systems in the residential sector in Central Europe.............................................................................. 26Figure 17: Trend and potential efficiency evolution of sCOP for electrically driven air to water heat pumps in heatingmode. Performance described by the seasonal Coefficien Of Performance (sCOP)............................................ 28Figure 18: Trend and potential efficiency evolution of thermally driven sorption heat pumps in heating mode.Performance described by the seasonal Gas Utilisation Efficiency (sGUE), equivalent to primaryenergy ratio...................................................................................................................................................................... 29Figure 19: Potential improvements by 2020 in terms of costs and performance, expressed relative to 2010..................... 29Figure 20: Cost reduction of installed hybrid systems combining solar thermal and sorption chillers(also known as solar cooling systems)........................................................................................................................ 30Figure 21: Small-scale hybrid system composed of biomass boiler, solar thermal collectorand sensible thermal energy storage ......................................................................................................................... 31Figure 22: Example of an integrated and prefabricated hybrid system combining solar thermal collectorsand an air source heat pump for delivery of heating and domestic hot water to single family houses............... 31Figure 23: The most frequently used options for storage of large amounts of sensible heat, in liquid (water)or solid (soil, rock) matter.............................................................................................................................................. 32Figure 24: Development of specific cost for BHE in Central Europe and reduction of borehole thermalresistance (i.e. efficiency increase of heat transfer) in state-of-the-art BHE; these improvedirectly BTES efficiency and economy......................................................................................................................... 33Figure 25: Potential efficiency evolution of phase change materials (in kJ/kg)........................................................................ 33Figure 26: Potential storage density evolution of thermochemical materials for seasonal storageof renewable heat (in kWh/m 3 )...................................................................................................................................... 34Figure 27: Characteristics of various thermal energy storage technologies (range of values)and expected evolution between 2011 and 2020......................................................................................................... 34Figure 28: Potential evolution of capital costs for biomass heat plants.................................................................................... 44Figure 29: Biomass heat production costs in 2010 and 2020....................................................................................................... 44Figure 30: Industrial heat demand by temperature level in the EU in 2010 and industrial heat demandin the EU in 2010 and expected demand in 2050......................................................................................................... 51Figure 31: Industrial heat demand by temperature level and industrial sector....................................................................... 52Figure 32: Renewable energy supply technologies which meet the requirements of heat demand for industrialprocesses at different temperature levels. Concentrated solar thermal is not included.................................... 52Figure 33: Investment costs related to different large-scale conversion technologies......................................................... 53Figure 34: Heat pump technologies and their operating temperatures.................................................................................... 57Figure 35: Share of renewable energy in DHC............................................................................................................................... 61Figure 36: In time, lower and/or more flexible temperatures will be used in the distribution networksFigure 37: The transition to Smart Cities and the development of DHC are positively related............................................... 62Figure 38: Potential evolution of costs for renewable DHC......................................................................................................... 63Figure 39: Market potential of renewable DHC in Europe............................................................................................................ 63Figure 40: Marginal distribution costs and corresponding urban district heating heat marketpenetration in fourEuropean countries in 2008.......................................................................................................... 64Figure 41: Projected evolution of biomass and biogas CHP plants connected to DHC............................................................ 65Figure 42: Cost of heat from an active flue gas condensation system in a 10 MW fuel input district heatingplant retrofitted with a 170 kW heat pump for different flue gas temperatures.................................................... 66Figure 43: Schematic view of a heat cascading network.............................................................................................................. 69Figure 44: Funding for energy research under FP7 and final energy consumption by sector................................................ 84Figure 45: Estimation of total resources required to implement the RHC-Platform’s SRA between 2014 and 2020,in million Euro and in %.................................................................................................................................................. 87101