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3Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating & CoolingRHC applications and priorities for residential buildingsST.2ObjectiveCost effective solar based hybrid systems able to satisfy the entire buildingheating demandThe objective is to develop solar-based hybrid systems, which provide a full heat supply for smalland multifamily residential buildings by combining the solar thermal components with a backupheater in one compact unit including a smart controller. This solution will be particularly suited forthe retrofitting of existing systems. This will enable cost reduction of “plug and function” systemsfor material and installation labour time significantly, since the complexity of the system is limitedto the prefabricated inner part of the hybrid unit. The performance will be increased and troublefreeoperation of the hybrid heating unit will be achieved. These systems will cover at least 30%of the overall heat demand in residential buildings.Innovative system concepts and storage tanks will be developed, which will allow optimalcombination of the heat sources. Improved hydraulic designs and components will reducelosses and new controllers will manage the heat flows in an optimal way.State-of-the-artTargetsType of activityOften installers combine a solar thermal system with a backup heater with often suboptimalsystem design and hydraulics, a big effort in designing and building the system with a lot ofhydraulic connections, and the risk of failures. Often the controllers of both heat sources arenot coupled with the risk that they have contradictory control strategies.A 50% lower price for the ready installed full heat supply hybrid units as compared to thetotal investment of a solar thermal system plus a backup heater, which will be replaced bythe hybrid unit. The system performance will be enhanced by 30% by increasing the solaryield and reducing system losses.25% Research / 50% Development / 25% DemonstrationST.3ObjectiveOptimised heating systems for ‘Solar-Active-Houses’In ‘Solar-Active-Houses’ at least 50% of the heat demand for domestic hot water and spaceheating will be covered by solar thermal energy. This requires a large collector area and a largestorage volume. To develop ‘Solar-Active-Houses’ to a building standard for residential buildings,costs will be reduced and the system performance increased. New concepts for the integrationof the collector area and storage volume into the building as well as for innovative systemdesigns will be developed.To manage and control the building’s entire energy system, innovative controllers must bedeveloped, including weather and load forecast as well as improved performance monitoringfunctions. System design and commissioning tools will be available to allow architects andplanners to design optimised ‘Solar-Active-Houses’.State-of-the-art In central Europe there are about 1300 ‘Solar-Active-Houses’ with typically 60% to 70%,sometimes up to 100% solar fraction. The increase of energy efficiency in buildings, togetherwith the use of passive solar technology is reducing the heat demand in buildings, makingit easier to increase the solar fraction. Nevertheless, further improvements are required.TargetType of activityAchieve cost-effective, standardised technical solutions for ‘Solar-Active-Houses’ fulfillingthe requirement of at least 50% of solar fraction.25% Research / 50% Development / 25% Demonstration3.2.2 Research priorities with impact in the Medium and Long TermAccording to the Common Vision for Renewable Heating and Cooling, the contribution of solarthermal to the European heating and cooling demand could account for 15% of the overalllow temperature heating and cooling demand by 2030 and it could reach 133 Mtoe by 2050.In order to reach these targets a strong reduction of the energy demand through energyefficiency measures, solar architecture and solar oriented urban and industrial planning willbe necessary. Furthermore the right mix of research, development and demonstrationactivities, consistent market deployment measures and adequate political framework conditionshave to be implemented.The Medium and Long Term priorities for residential solar thermal applications are:• Research on the next generation of Solar Active House –Smart Solar Building (ST.4).A holistic research approach is needed to provide a cost-competitive 100% solar heatingand cooling solution for residential buildings according to the European “Nearly ZeroEnergy Standard”. For single family houses compact solar thermal systems will consistof a collector capacity of approximately 20 kW th (30 m² collector area) and a 5-7 m³ heatstore to cover the entire heating and cooling demand. Besides the necessary R&D workfor materials and components, the testing and broad demonstration of single units, clustersand urban districts of 100% Solar Active Houses equipped with latest system technologywill play a major role.18
RenewableHeating & CoolingEuropean Technology Platform• Improving the components of solar thermal cooling systems (ST.5). Solar coolingapplications shall be able to reach overall yearly electrical COP > 10 by using newcontrol concepts and optimized heat rejection units. Activities should also includethe development of standardized, plug-and-play solar cooling kits and, if relevant,high density of hot and cold storage.ST.1ST.2Research and Innovation PrioritiesNew surfaces, coatings, materials, construction designs,and manufacturing technologies for solar thermal collectorsCost effective solar based hybrid systems able to satisfy the entirebuilding heating demandPredominanttype of activityImpactDevelopment By 2020Development By 2020ST.3 Optimised heating systems for ‘Solar-Active-Houses’ Development By 2020ST.4 Research on the next generation of Solar Active House –The Smart Solar BuildingResearch By 2030ST.5 Improving the components of solar thermal cooling systems. Research By 2030Table 1: research and innovation priorities for solar thermal applications to residential buildings3.3 Biomass technologies55 million wood stoves, cookers and fireplaces are used in Europe and 1.85 million units aresold annually, which makes them the most widely used RHC technology by far. The annualsales correspond to a total direct turnover of 2.6 billion Euro or 13,000 full-time jobs (excludingfuel production and supply). Whilst the contribution of direct room heaters and cookersto particulate matter (PM) in ambient air is substantial, their potential to be a major primaryheating and secondary domestic hot water supply source in the building of the future islarge. Biomass heating technology is economically viable already.Biomass boilers using firewood, wood pellet and – mostly for rural areas – wood chipare highly mature technologies for the boiler exchange and refurbishment marketin the existing building stock. The total stock of small scale biomass boilers is about8 million appliances (most of which are firewood boilers). The annual sales are about 300,000units. Testing efficiencies and emission performance under certification testing conditionsseem to offer only little potential for further improvement (see Figure 11) unless flue gascondensation technology is introduced with expected testing efficiencies >100% (as efficiencydefinition is based on net calorific value in EN 303-5). The general challenge is toimprove the system performance of these technologies for heating and DHW supply underreal life conditions. Moreover, a strong focus on system design and building integration isrequired in order to address changing heat demand in the building sector. On the integrationside, combination with solar thermal technology (in all market segments)and with all RHC technologies and building infrastructure (above all in the new buildingmarket) will be substantial for the further success of biomass based heating solutions.Figure 11: Full load type testing results of biomass boilers according to EN 303-5 over time19
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