Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable ... - EGEC

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6Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating & CoolingDistrict Heating and Cooling876543210Marginal Distribution Capital Cost [EUR/GJ]FranceGrand totalGermanyNetherlandsBelgium0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Share of total heat marketFigure 40: Marginal distribution costs and corresponding urban district heating heat marketpenetration in four European countries in 2008 636.1 Priorities for Solar DHCIn Europe there are around 175 large-scale solar thermal plants for heating and cooling (≥500 m²; 350 kW th ) in operation with a total installed capacity of approximately 320 MW th . Thelargest plants are located in Denmark with more than 10 plants exceeding 7 MW th(10,000 m²) of capacity, while the largest as an installed capacity of 23.3 MW th (33,300 m²).These large-scale systems are mainly used for solar district heating which, in mostcountries, is a small and undeveloped niche market.Only 1% of the solar collector surface is currently connected to district heating systems, buta couple of central pilot solar heating plants with seasonal storage - mainly built in Scandinaviaand Germany - have proved that these types of system can reach high solar fractions(approximately 50%). With the expected growth of district heating systems in denselypopulated urban areas, solar thermal systems will be able to cover a higher share of theheating demand in urban areas.ST.12ObjectiveOptimize large-scale solar collector arrays for uniform flow distribution and lowpumping powerDevelopment of large-scale collectors and advanced hydraulic concepts, which are especiallydesigned for huge collector arrays.Basic theoretical computational approaches should be developed and validated by meansof adapted methods (CFD, laboratory measurements, and measurements at large real solarcollector fields). Particularly, the flow and temperature distribution, as well as the total efficiencyand the electricity consumption of pumps and the related friction pressure loss at all hydrauliclevels have to be considered.These advanced large-scale collectors, hydraulic concepts, calculation and simulation toolshave to provide uniform flow distribution, reduced pumping power and favourable stagnationbehaviour. Furthermore also cost effective fixing systems are needed.State-of-the-artTargetsType of activityDue to their size and the need to adapt to each specific application, large-scale systems forsolar district heating, industrial process heat, agricultural and water treatment applications aretailor-made. This implies more complex design, such as planning system hydraulics. State-ofthe-artcollector fields cost around € 285/kWth (€ 200/ m²) when ground mounted and € 360/kWth (€ 250 / m²) when mounted on flat roofs. Currently, the main challenge is to achievea theoretically correct design of a large-scale collector field, as well as modelling parallelconnections comprising multiple hydraulic levels (collectors, zones, groups).Cost reduction of 50% compared to the field cost of state-of-the-art collectors.50% Research / 30% Development / 20% Demonstration.63Persson & Werner (2011).64
RenewableHeating & CoolingEuropean Technology Platform100hi2010 2015 202080Solar Thermal6.1.2 Research and innovation priorities with impact in the Medium and Long TermGeothermal60Advanced solutions for the integration of large solar thermal systems into smartBiomassthermal/electrical grids (ST.13). R&D is needed on system technology to developadvanced 40 solar based district heating systems, which are also able to deal with acombination of centralized and decentralized solar thermal systems, heat pumps,biomass CHP plants and waste heat. Smart metering and load management systems20are needed to combine solar district heating systems with the electrical grid. Such smartthermal-electrical grids will meet the load balancing needs of combined heat and powerproduction 0 in a free market for heat, cold and electricity.2010 2020 2030TWhResearch and Innovation PrioritiesPredominanttype of activityImpactST.12Optimize large-scale solar collector arrays for uniform flow distributionand low pumping powerResearch By 20201ST.13Advanced solutions for the integration of large solar thermal systemsinto smart thermal/electrical grids.Research By 2030100%Table 15: research and innovation priorities for solar thermal applications to DHC80%1970 20200Flexibility6.2 Priorities for Biomass DHCBioenergy in industrial processes and DHC systems is produced through thermo-chemicalor biological conversion units with one or two transformation steps. CHP as well as trigeneration(heat-power-cold) 64 are very interesting concepts, both for industry and DHCnetworks. Due to the rule of decreasing specific investment with increasing network size,such operational and technical efforts can be better handled in larger units which typicallysupply energy to domestic heat consumers connected to a heating grid or to corporatecustomers to perform industrial processes.60%40%20%0%90%20Paybacktime (year)60%Efficiency vofelectricity yield1030%02035 2040 2045 205002000 2020 20500%Figure 41: Projected evolution of biomass and biogas CHP plants connected to DHCSolar DHGeothermal DHBiomass DHDC - Abs. Chillers64Cfr. priorities BIO.9and BIO.10 in Chapter 5.Raising the capacity and efficiency of already existing DHC through cost- and energy-0.028efficient solutions is becoming an increasingly important issue. Some hybrid solutions suchas the integration of heat pumps for active flue gas condensation are attractive and promising.In its report “Best available technologies for the heat and cooling market in the EuropeanUnion” (2012), the JRC estimates the investment costs of a woodchip Tfg district = 70˚C heating0.026boiler with flue gas condensation at 0.3 - 0.7 M€/MW. The operation costs are estimated tobe around 5 % of the investment costs for heat generating capacities between Tfg = 1120˚Cto 50 MW.0.024Tfg = 200˚Ccosts [EUR/kWh]0.02220200.02035 40 45 50 55 60 6565
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