Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable ... - EGEC

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3Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating & CoolingRHC applications and priorities for residential buildings%%1401201401001208010060BHE costBHE length80401985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 202060BHE cost yearBHE lengthFigure 15: Development 40 of specific cost for BHE (i.e. a unit of BHE length) and of required1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020BHE length in Central Europe140year120140100Specific Costs of Solar Specific Cooling Costs Kits of Solar [EUR/kW Cooling cold] Kits [EUR/kW cold]9000800070006000 90005000 80004000 70003000 60002000 50004000 100030000200010002007 2008 2009small capacity up to 10kW02007 2008 2009small capacity up to 10kWTank thermal energy storage (TTES)(60 to 80 kWh/m 3 )Tank thermal energy storage (TTES)(60 to 80 kWh/m 3 )%%12080100608040604065System first costHeat full costElectricity consumption1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020System first costyearHeat full costElectricity consumption1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020year140120Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)(15 to 30 kWh/m 3 )Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES)(15 to 30 kWh/m 3 )50HP50HPFigure 16: Development 46of system first cost, heat full cost, and electricity consumptionof geothermal heat pump systems in the residential sector in Central Europe 4335sCOP3.4.1 Research 24and innovation priorities with impact in the Short TermShallow geothermal systems consist mainly of the devices for exchanging heatwith the underground 31and the components to make this heat available for use in thebuilding, like the heat pump and conventional heating and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation0& Air-Conditioning) 21992 equipment. 1996 2000 The heat 2004pump 2008 as such 2012 is covered in 2020the Cross Cuttingresearch priorities (see Section 3.5). Any progress in HVAC components (better efficiency,lower cost, adaptation 1 to temperatures delivered by geothermal systems) will also benefitthe overall geothermal system. Specific R&D for geothermal heating and cooling in theresidential sector 0 thus mainly concerns ground-coupling technologies.1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 201220201.8sCOP20162016%%140100120801006080406040350BHE cost (€/BHE efficiencBHE cost (€/BHE efficienc1990 1995 2000 21990 1995 2000 226sGUEsGUE1.61.41.2 1.81.0 1.60.8 1.40.6 1.20.4 1.00.2 0.830025035043Compiled from various200sources, in particular EGEC(2012). 30015025010020050150sGUEsGUE
RenewableHeating & CoolingEuropean Technology PlatformThe priorities for short term research are:GEO.1ObjectiveOptimisation of ground-coupling technology(i.e. technology to exchange heat with the ground in an optimal way)For geothermal systems with borehole heat exchangers or groundwater wells, the drillingof the necessary boreholes is a major cost factor. Hence systems can be made much moreeconomic by improved and innovative drilling methods, allowing for cost reduction. A lot canbe expected also from further reducing manual work in drilling and installation, by automationand robotics.R&D in drilling technology is required to further reduce the impact on the surroundings(e.g. sensitive clays, groundwater), to provide techniques to control borehole deviation,etc. In particular in the residential sector, other types of geothermal heat exchangers likehorizontal loops, compact screw-shaped heat exchangers, simple energy piles, etc. arein use as an alternative to drilling of boreholes. Also here, the reduction of cost, throughoptimized and mechanised installation methods, is an issue and needs further R&D-work.The efficiency of heat exchange with the geological strata can be increased by R&Dfor optimisation of components such as borehole heat exchangers (design, pipe material,and grouting material), well completion materials, compressors, and pumps.State-of-the-artFor ground coupling, the cost varies between different technologies and different geologicalsettings. A borehole heat exchanger today costs between 30 and 60 €/m, with the lower pricesprevalent in Scandinavia and higher prices e.g. in Austria and Germany. Assuming a typicalsingle family house, this results in some 350-700 € per kW installed capacity of the ground heatexchanger only (i.e. excluding the heat pump).The efficiency of ground coupling can be measured by a parameter called borehole thermalresistance; values for current up-to-date technology can be as low as about 0.07-0.08 K/(W•m).To compare these values and their impact on the whole system, the Hellström-efficiency is used;currently values in the order of 75 % can be achieved.TargetsType of activityReduction of average installation cost by at least 25 % in 2020, and 50 % in a longer term.Increase of heat exchange efficiency to 2020 by 25 % (expressed by reduced borehole thermalresistance or Hellström-efficiency), allowing for either higher efficiency or reduced cost.100% DevelopmentGEO.2ObjectiveImproving the understanding of the shallow geothermal reservoirTo improve the understanding of the shallow geothermal reservoir as an entity and asa process will require the identification and characterisation of the important parameters(thermal, hydrogeological, environmental as well as engineering).To investigate the scientific facts related to environmental impact of shallow geothermalsystems to allow regulatory authorities to better develop and amend regulations.State-of-the-artTargetsType of activityHeat transport in the underground, both conductive and advective, has been studied in shallowgeothermal R&D-projects since the 1980s. Suitable design methods and operation strategiesare available today, but still not all of the processes are fully understood, and there remainsthe potential to optimise. In particular in the field of groundwater quality for open-loopsystems insufficient progress has been made. In respect to environmental impact, long-termconsequences in particular need more investigation.Increase of efficiency by at least 25 % through better overall system design and operation.Avoidance of negative effects to ground and groundwater.25% Research / 75% Development3.4.2 Research and innovation priorities with impact in the Medium and Long TermIn shallow geothermal technology, the majority of R&D-needs are in the short-term range.However, research in new and enhanced materials is likely to have an impact after 2020.Research on pipe material for borehole heat exchangers (BHE) or horizontal ground loops(GEO.3). Today, plastics like polyethylene are used for these pipes. These materials fulfil wellthe requirements for cost, handling, longevity, resistance to corrosion, etc.;their main disadvantage is the low thermal conductivity. Material with higher thermalconductivity today means metals, which come with all the disadvantages of high cost,corrosion, handling requirements. And most metals have much higher thermal conductivitythan actually is desired, with the geological strata being limited to some 2-4 W/m/K. Inconsequence, development should aim at a plastic material, cheap and easy to handle(transport in coils, welding possible), resistant to corrosion, and showing thermal conductivityof about 4 W/m/K (as compared to
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