Literature Review: Pregnant and breastfeeding ... - Eat For Health

17. In a case control study from the Netherlands, increased risk of cleft lip or palate or both was associatedwith a western diet (high in meat, pizza, legumes and potatoes and low in fruit) during pregnancy, but nodifferences were seen for a prudent diet during pregnancy Western diet: aOR 1.7 95% CI 1.0 to 3.0 (cleft lip/palate); aOR 1.8 95% CI 1.0 to 2.9 (cleft palate only)18. In a case control study from the Netherlands, a reduced risk of spina bifida was associated with aMediterranean diet (high intakes of vegetables, fruit, legumes, vegetable oil, cereal products, alcohol andfish; and low intake of potatoes, sugar and confectionery, sauces and condiments) in a reduced rankregression analysis: aOR 3.5 95% CI 1.5 to 8.2 (lowest quartile v highest quartile for Mediterranean diet)19. In a prospective cohort study, hypospadias in male offspring was associated with a maternal vegetarian dietduring pregnancy, compared with women who consumed an omnivorous diet during pregnancy: OR 3.5395% CI 1.56 to 7.98Birth Outcomes20. In a Danish cohort study, a Mediterranean diet (consumption of fish twice a week or more, intake of olive orcanola oil, high consumption of fruits and vegetables (5 a day or more), meat (other than poultry or fish) atmost twice a week, and at most 2 cups of coffee a day) was not associated with decreased preterm birthexcept for reduced early preterm birth (< 35 weeks) with the highest level of adherence to a Mediterraneandiet compared with the lowest: aOR 0.28 95% CI 0.11 to 0.76 (5 v 0 criteria). No significant differences were seen for preterm birth < 37 weeks for 5 compared with 0 criteria; or forpreterm birth < 37 weeks when 5 criteria were compared with 1-4 criteria for a Mediterranean diet.21. In a Norwegian cohort study, a Mediterranean diet (2 or more serves of fish per week, 5 or morevegetable/fruit serves per day, use olive oil or canola oil for cooking and dressings, eat no more than 2serves of meat per week and drink no more than 2 cups of coffee per day) was not associated withdecreased preterm birth (overall, early or late) when 5 criteria were compared with one, or 5 comparedwith 1-4 criteria22. In a cohort study from the USA, women with a less optimal compared with an optimal meal pattern duringpregnancy ( three meals and two or more snacks a day) demonstrated no difference in preterm birth rates(aOR 1.30 95% CI 0.96 to 1.76) but did show a higher rate of premature rupture of the membranes (aOR1.87 95% CI 1.02 to 3.43)23. In a Danish cohort study:o significantly reduced rates of SGA (z-score below 2.5 th percentile for the respective gender and GA) wereassociated witho a ‘health conscious’ diet compared with a ‘western’ diet (aOR 0.74 95% CI 0.64 to 0.86)o an ‘intermediate’ diet compared with a ‘western’ diet (aOR 0.68 95% CI 0.55 to 0.84)o no significant differences in birthweight (g, mean [SD]) were seen between any of the dietary patternsDietary guidelines for pregnant and breastfeeding women: evidence report481 III-3 Vujkovic 2007131 III-3 Vujkovic 20097928boysII North 200035,530 II Mikkelsen 200840,817 II Haugen 20082065 II Siega-Riz 200144,162 II Knudsen 200816