Literature Review: Pregnant and breastfeeding ... - Eat For Health

Reference Giordano 2008Food typeVegetables: raw vegetables, cooked vegetables, mostly market vegetablesStudy typeCase-control studyLevel of evidence III-3 (aetiology)SettingSicily, ItalyFundingSicilian Congenital Malformation RegistryParticipants90 cases: 43 cases of hypospadias and 48 cases of cryptorchidism (both in one infant)202 controls: randomly selected controls born in the same year and the same regionBirths between 1998 to 2003Baseline comparisons Low birthweight, low maternal education, mother’s history of gynaecological disease and father’s history of urogenital diseases differed significantlybetween cases and controlsSee confounding belowDietary assessment Interview on maternal diet and food frequenciesTimingFFQComparisonConsumption of vegetables once a week or less versus more than once a weekOutcomesHypospadias and cryptorchidismResultsRaw vegetablesHypospadiasCases Controls OR≤ 1/week 12 (27.9%) 42 (20.9%) 1.00> 1/week 31 (72.1%) 159 (79.1%) 0.68 95% CI 0.32 to 1.44Cryptorchidism≤ 1/week 7 (14.9%) 42 (20.9%) 1.00> 1/week 40 (85.1%) 159 (79.1%) 1.51 95% CI 0.53 to 1.79Hypospadias and cryptorchidism≤ 1/week 19 (21.3%) 42 (20.9%) 1.00> 1/week 70. (78.7%) 159 (79.1% 0.76 95% CI 0.39 to 1.46Cooked vegetablesHypospadias≤ 1/week 16 (37.2%) 63 (31.2%) 1.00> 1/week 27 (62.8%) 139 (68.8%) 0.76 95% CI 0.39 to 1.52Cryptorchidism≤ 1/week 18 (37.5%) 63 (31.2%) 1.00> 1/week 30 (62.5%) 139 (68.8%) 0.76 95% CI 0.39 to 1.46Hypospadias and cryptorchidism≤ 1/week 34 (37.8%) 63 (31.2%) 1.00> 1/week 56 (62.2%) 139 (68.8%) 0.75 95% CI 0.44 to 1.26VegetablesMostly market vegetablesHypospadias513