free law journal - volume 3, number 1 (18 january 2007)

FREE LAW JOURNAL - VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1 (18 JANUARY 2007)that appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilianpopulation; to influence the policy of a government by intimidationor coercion, or to affect the conduct of a government byassassination or kidnapping. The following acts are deemed acts ofterrorism: 31. Bombs attacks with or without previous warning, inpublic places attended essentially by civilians, i.e.,stores, shopping streets, bus stops, administrativecenters, hotels, cinemas, places of worship, bars;2. Attacks against civilian transports, i.e., airplanes,trains, subways, buses, specific cars;3. Attacks against civilian properties, generallyeconomic;4. Attacks against opposing personalities, i.e.,members of governments, leaders of politicalguerilla movements, other political or religiouspersonalities, e.g., potential opposing personalities,traitors and collaborators, not to mention thosebelonging to police, diplomatic or economic services.3. All political crime can be described as an individual or acollective violent or non-violent act. And all terrorism can bedescribed as an individual or a collective violent act. Some types ofterrorism involve violent actions that qualify as political conflicts,such as indiscriminate shelling of civilians. Other types ofterrorism, however, involve violent actions that fall, according toICRC, in the category of conflicts beyond that of tension, 4 but do not3 Michel Veuthey, Guérilla et Droit Humanitaire (Genève: Comité Internationalde la Croix-Rouge, 1983) at 148-152.4 ICRC provides the following description of ‘internal tensions’: “Whilesituations of internal disorder - and even more, those of civil war - often lead to thearrest of large numbers of persons because of their acts or their political attitudes,this phenomenon is likewise found in situations which are not marked by acts ofviolence, but which reflect internal tensions of a political, racial that theestablished governments and their police dispose of such powerful means ofrepression that an armed insurrection is often practically impossible. This may62DR. ANWAR FRANGI - A PROPOSAL OF A UNIFORM CODE FORPOLITICAL CRIMES AND TERRORISM