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However, it would not be true to say that the corporative ideawas wholly liquidated. There was a pretense of organizing businessinto craft and professional categories, with the employing groupsand workers formed into syndicates in corresponding districts. Thereis no need to go into the details of these arrangements. They ended,not in the structure of so-called self-governing corporativism, but ina series of organizations which became merely an apparatus for controlin the hands of the state. At the head of each employing andeach worker group was a leader named by the state whose decisionswere absolute. What has emerged is a completely planned economy,planned by the state in an absolute autarchy. In Italy there is anelaborate organization of industry, agriculture, finance, and professionsinto so-called self-governing guilds. Dr. Salvemini insists,probably with full justification, that in Italy, too, this intricate anddetailed fabric of self-governing industry is a fiction and that infact it, too, is merely an instrument for state control in which theleaders are chosen by the state and dominated wholly by it. My ownbelief is that this is inevitable in any such system, that any politicalor economic society must function according to its nature, and thatin the nature of things, whatever the original purpose or pretense,the system of industrial self-government in a capitalistic society mustend—and swiftly—in complete state control.The word "corporativism," therefore, may well lead us astray informing a judgment of this aspect of fascism. Inevitably economicsociety, if organized at all, must be organized in economic categories—which means some form of the syndicate or trade association. Formany decades, as we have seen, businessmen, labor leaders, conservativepolitical leaders like Hugenberg and radical leaders influencedby the syndicalists, have moved steadily toward the theory that theeconomic society must be planned and managed, and that the planningand management must be done by the producing groups underthe supervision of the state. And it was this theory that drew toHitler's side the erstwhile socialists imbued with the syndicalistphilosophy and itching for a chance to remodel capitalism in thesocialist image, as well as the great industrialists who wanted tocomplete the cartelization of Germany. And this is what they got,but only after it had passed through the mental processing machine1 ò9