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down rules for the behavior of manufacturers and distributors andfarmers with the object of getting the highest production with thehighest wages and the best standards of living. Obviously you cannotlet anybody inside that economy compete who does not comply withthese regulations. All must pay the agreed wages, work the shorthours, provide the minimum health and cultural conditions, paycompensation, old-age, employment, and health insurance, pay thesame schedule of high corrective income taxes. Having required thisof the producers in your own economy you cannot permit the producersof Germany or Japan or Britain or any other country to bringtheir products into our market and sell in competition with ourproducers upon whom we have imposed all these costly regulations.You cannot impose these regulations on the producers of Japan andGermany and Britain. Hence you must exclude their producers forthe same reason that you would exclude an American producer whorefuses to produce under the requirements of your planned society.Planning means autarchy, and it is interesting to find the adventureof the New Deal in 1933 hailed as such by one of the ardent supportersof its economic policies—indeed the man who was the authorof its title, the New Deal. Mr. Stuart Chase said in September 1933:Autarchy ... is distinctly thinkable and it is probably coming. It isunthinkable unless it be controlled. It must be planned and planned bythe Federal government . . . To introduce it in a society of laissez-faireis economic suicide. It can only be undertaken when governments takepower and speculative profits away from businessmen and bankers. Vastand delicate problems of adjustment are entailed, which cannot be leftto the clumsy hands of high finance. New industries must be set up; oldindustries liquidated; industrial research for substitute commodities encouragedon a large scale; millions of potential unemployed steered to newjobs; colossal capital shrinkage adjusted in some fashion; such foreigntrade as remains rigidly budgeted by central authority. National planningand economic nationalism must go together or not at all. President Roosevelthas accepted the general philosophy of planning. Under his guidancewe may move toward an inevitable autarchy with less trepidation thanif we were pushed into it while a Hoover or a Mills still gazed dreamilyat the logical harmonies of the nineteenth-century free market. 5""Autarchy," by Stuart Chase, Scribner's Magazine, September 1933, Vol. XCIV.2OO