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government is the opposite of this. It defines a state whose powersare unlimited.However, a state with unlimited powers need not necessarily be adictatorship. While equipping the state with unlimited powers thosepowers may be diffused through several organs of government suchas the legislature, the monarch, the courts, and the states. In Italythe leadership principle is invoked to concentrate all the powers ofthe state in a single head. The principle of hierarchy may define italso—a structure in which at each level of authority the powers,such as they are, are lodged in a single person—a leader—who in turnis responsible to another leader above him who possesses all the powerdeposited at that level, such leader being finally accountable to thesupreme leader—the dictator.As we survey the whole scene in Italy, therefore, we may nowname all the essential ingredients of fascism. It is a form of socialorganization1. In which the government acknowledges no restraint upon itspowers—totalitarianism.2. In which this unrestrained government is managed by a dictator—the leadership principle.3. In which the government is organized to operate the capitalistsystem and enable it to function-under an immense bureaucracy.4. In which the economic society is organized on the syndicalistmodel, that is by producing groups formed into craft and professionalcategories under supervision of the state.5. In which the government and the syndicalist organizationsoperate the capitalist society on the planned, autarchial principle.6. In which the government holds itself responsible to providethe nation with adequate purchasing power by public spending andborrowing.7. In which militarism is used as a conscious mechanism of governmentspending, and8. In which imperialism is included as a policy inevitably flowingfrom militarism as well as other elements of fascism.Wherever you find a nation using all of these devices you willknow that this is a fascist nation. In proportion as any nation usesmost of them you may assume it is tending in the direction of67