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in a foreign country. It will permit no domestic shoe producer tocompete unless he conforms to all the conditions. And of course itcannot permit a foreign shoe producer to compete with the domesticproducers when he is immune from all these directive regulations.Hence the foreigner must be excluded. It is for this reason that theplanned state, the autarchial state, is necessarily an enclosed state.Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin are the great exemplars of autarchy inour world.Along with the devices of autarchy and public debt, Hitler ofcourse reintroduced militarism and with it the inevitable plungetoward imperialism. That phase of his program is too well known tocall for any additional comment here. The Great War had done toGermany what it did to no other country—it had not merely defeatedher and wrecked her economic system but had extinguishedcompletely her greatest industry, militarism. Like other nations shecould, as well as she was able, turn to rehabilitating all her otherenterprises. But unlike them she was forbidden by the terms of theTreaty from reviving her greatest enterprise and the one she knewmost about managing and whose effectiveness as a great job- andincome-producing public project she had reason to know so well.With six million people out of work, with the great Ruhr heavyindustries restored, only a great army was needed to absorb largesections of the unemployed as soldiers and as workers in the armamentand other industries. Rauschning, who was associated with theNazi movement at the time, describes the impatience of all hands toget armament quickly under way in order to deal with the unemploymentproblem. In time the restoration of militarism, supportedby a flood of government-created purchasing power, wiped outunemployment in the Reich and made some very deeply disturbedstatesmen in the democratic countries look with envy and admirationupon its complete success.Autarchy or the planned economy, planned consumption or thedebt economy, militarism and imperialism—these became the essentialelements of Hitler's brand of fascism, as they did of Mussolini's.But of course to this was added the fifth element of dictatorship.For all the other ingredients there was ample precedent in Germanyand, indeed, the republican government which preceded Hitler had142