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save that ancient one—more and more military expenditures paidfor with borrowed funds and supported by the evangel of heroismand high adventure ending in war.To sum up we may say, then, that fascism in Italy was and is aform of organized society (i) capitalist in character, (2) designedto make the capitalist system function at top capacity, (3) using thedevice of state-created purchasing power through government debt,(4) and the direct planning and control of the economic societythrough corporativism, (5) with militarism and (6) imperialism imbeddedin the system as an inextricable device for employing a greatmass of the employables.There is one more ingredient. But before we look at it let mepoint out that none of these activities or policies already describedinvolves moral turpitude according to the codes of the great nationsof the West. It is entirely possible for an ordinarily decent personto approve and defend both public debt and spending, the corporativeor guild system along with militarism and imperialism. In myview both militarism and imperialism are evil things, but not in theview of Western culture. There is no revolt against Western culturein any of these things, for all of them have been present in it forcenturies, and the West is well peopled with the bronze and marblestatues of heroes who have been associated with their advance. 6 Itis for this reason that it is an easy matter for ordinarily goodcitizens to look with indifference or tolerance or even approval uponthe juncture of these several forces in our midst. My own opinion,however, is that no state can undertake to operate these separatedevices all together to save the capitalist system without sooner orlater finding itself confronted with the necessity of employing forceand suppression within its own borders and upon its own people. Itis a fact, as we have seen, that Minister after Minister over manyyears used the policies—spending and borrowing, militarism andimperialism, and that business control was attempted by privatebusiness organizations—but the use of these devices never succeeded,6 "The transformations undergone by business organizations in those countries which haverevamped their national systems along totalitarian lines are fully consonant with and maybe considered the logical outgrowth of previous trends in structure, policies, and controlwithin the business world itself." Business as a System of Power, by Robert A. Brady,Columbia University Press, 1943.57