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tion. In this he saw the model for the economic system in which wholeindustries, indeed the whole nation, would be thus linked into whatTugwell, adopting Veblen's idea, called an "operational whole."The idea of anything being left to chance and to individual initiativeseemed to him appalling. All this would pass away. Society, hesaid, will be organized just as a great factory is organized. Therewill be no progress toward "unseen" industries. There will be norailroad or electric industry springing into existence out of the littlelaboratories of scholars and scientists. There must never again besuch a thing as an automobile industry leaping out of the initiativeof individual pioneers. The future ahead must be planned always,and the technicians will be set to work to realize the dream in theblueprints. A blueprinted world—this is the vision—the organized,disciplined, planned, and blueprinted society.This, of course, differs little from the dream of Fichte in Germanyover one hundred and fifty years ago which captivated the Germanmind and exercised so great an influence over such different beings as¯Wïlhelm II and his Social Democratic successors. Nothing will beleft to chance* nothing will be left to the individual. Everythingwill be foreseen, planned, organized, and directed by the state.Tugwell concluded this speech with this statement:"From what I know of human nature I believe the world awaits a greatoutpouring of energy as soon as we shall have removed the dead hand ofcompetitive enterprise that stiñes public impulses and finds use onlyfor the less effective and less beneficial influences of man. When industryis government and government is industry the dual conflict deep in ourmodern institutions will have abated."The wide appeal these ideas made to intellectual groups thatwere presently to have great influence in the government can hardlybe overestimated. Here one finds a singular intertwining of theideals of socialism and the ideas of capitalism. There is an appallingconfusion. Yet confusion was the prevailing state of the time. Thecapitalists, after the debacle of 1929 and still more after 1932, werein hopeless confusion. But, oddly enough, so were the socialistswhose whole case had been shaken first by the prosperity of thetwenties and then by the brutalities of the Soviet government. This196