Design Guide for Community Water Systems - The Water, Sanitation ...

2.18. AUTOMATION. .......................................................................................................................................... 20CHAPTER 3 - SOURCE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................................... 233.0. GENERAL....................................................................................................................................................... 233.1. SURFACE WATER.......................................................................................................................................... 233.1.1. Quantity................................................................................................................................................... 233.1.1.1. Reservoir Storage Volume..................................................................................................................................233.1.1.2. Reservoir Capacity. ............................................................................................................................................233.1.1.3. River or Stream as the Sole Source of Water......................................................................................................243.1.1.4. Supplemental Pumping......................................................................................................................................243.1.2. Quality................................................................................................................................................... 253.1.3. Structures................................................................................................................................................ 253.1.3.1. Intake structure design.......................................................................................................................................253.1.3.2. Raw water pumping wells and transmission mains. ..........................................................................................263.1.3.3. Raw water storage reservoir. .....................................................................................................................263.1.4. Lakes and reservoirs.............................................................................................................................. 273.1.4.1. Site preparation. .........................................................................................................................................273.1.4.2. Construction. ..............................................................................................................................................273.1.4.3. Water supply dams. ....................................................................................................................................273.1.4.4. Recreational uses of public water supply lakes. .........................................................................................273.2. GROUNDWATER........................................................................................................................................... 283.2.1. Quantity................................................................................................................................................. 283.2.1.1. Minimum capacity....................................................................................................................................283.2.1.2. Number of sources.............................................................................................................................................283.2.1.3. Auxiliary power.................................................................................................................................................293.2.2. Quality.................................................................................................................................................... 293.2.2.1. Microbiological quality. .....................................................................................................................................293.2.2.2. Physical and chemical quality.............................................................................................................................303.2.2.3. Radiological quality. ..................................................................................................................................303.2.3. Location................................................................................................................................................. 303.2.3.1. Well location. ....................................................................................................................................................303.2.3.2. Isolation standards.....................................................................................................................................313.2.3.3. Other site location and security considerations. .........................................................................................323.2.4. Testing and records. .............................................................................................................................. 323.2.4.1. Yield and drawdown tests..................................................................................................................................323.2.4.2. Geological data..................................................................................................................................................353.2.5. General well construction. .................................................................................................................... 353.2.5.1. Minimum protected depths................................................................................................................................353.2.5.2. Special conditions for wells drilled into consolidated formations. .............................................................353.2.5.3. Special conditions for wells drilled into unconsolidated formations. ................................................................363.2.5.4. Drilling fluids and additives. ......................................................................................................................363.2.5.5. Surface steel casing. ..........................................................................................................................................363.2.5.6. Permanent steel casing pipe................................................................................................................................363.2.5.7. Gravel pack material..........................................................................................................................................363.2.5.8. Packers. .............................................................................................................................................................373.2.5.9. Screens. ......................................................................................................................................................373.2.5.10. Plumbness and alignment requirements............................................................................................................383.2.5.11. Grouting requirements......................................................................................................................................383.2.5.12. Upper terminal well construction. ............................................................................................................403.2.5.13. Development. ...........................................................................................................................................403.2.5.14. Capping requirements...............................................................................................................................413.2.5.15. Well plugging.............................................................................................................................................413.2.6. Well pumps, discharge piping and appurtenances. ............................................................................... 413.2.6.1. Line shaft pumps. ..............................................................................................................................................413.2.6.2. Submersible pumps...........................................................................................................................................423.2.6.3. Discharge piping.................................................................................................................................................423.2.6.4. Pitless well units.........................................................................................................................................433.2.6.5. Casing vent.................................................................................................................................................433.2.6.6. Water level measurement. ..........................................................................................................................443.2.6.7. Observation wells. .............................................................................................................................................44