System Architecture Design

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pSHIELDSystem Architecture DesignPU6.2.3.2 Trusted and Dependable ConnectivityFigure 27 – SDR evolution.According to Haykin's definition 16 , a Cognitive Radio is an intelligent wireless communication system thatis aware of its surrounding environment (i.e., outside world), and uses the methodology of understandingby-buildingto learn from the environment and to adapt its internal states to statistical variations in theincoming Radio-Frequency (RF) stimuli by making corresponding changes in certain operatingparameters (e.g., transmit-power, carrier-frequency and modulation strategy) in real-time, with two primaryobjectives in mind: (i) highly Reliable and Dependable communications whenever and wherever neededand (ii) efficient utilization of the radio spectrum. As it is clear from this definition, the common keywordsfor an efficient Cognitive Radio are Awareness and Reconfigurability.In a radio environment, Awareness means the capability of the Cognitive Radio to understand, learn, andpredict what is happening in the radio spectrum, e.g., to identify the transmitted waveform, to localize theradio sources, etc. Reconfigurability is necessary to provide self-configuration of some internalparameters according to the observed radio spectrum. This is enormously important for both civilian andmilitary applications especially when unforeseen situations happen and some Network Layers servicesare not available, guaranteeing trusted connectivity. It is now abundantly clear that the cognitive radiosand their capabilities of dynamically maintaining a reliable and efficient communication can be significantlyrelevant in Security, Privacy and Dependability (SPD) driven applications where it is necessary todynamically guarantee a high level of trustworthiness.16 Simon Haykin, “Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications”. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas inCommunications, vol. 23, no. 2, February 2005PUD2.3.2Issue 5 Page 94 of 122
pSHIELDSystem Architecture DesignPUFigure 28 – pSHIELD NETWORK ADAPTER conceptual model.As depicted in the above figure and according to the pSHIELD functional component architecture, theSmart SPD driven transmission is obtained applying a Cognitive Radio paradigm based on two mainfunctional components: the Awareness Engine and the Reconfigurability Engine.In particular, some Node Layer capabilities (e.g., antennas, cameras) and Network Layer services (e.g.available network resources, radio spectrum, number of active users, transmission protocols andstandards, localization, etc.) can be used by the Awareness Engine to acquire a context awareness of thecurrent radio environment. Then, some reasoning capabilities of the Cognitive Radio provided by theReconfigurability Engine can be used to select the most appropriate configuration parameters useful toguarantee the needed SPD transmission.It is important to note that, the Cognitive Radio capabilities are enormously attractive in a wide set ofapplications for both civilian (e.g., reliable communications, increased data-rate) and military (e.g., detectand decode enemy transmissions) scenarios. Although some encouraging preliminary results have beenobtained in some practical environments, some open issues still remain and to obtain a general and multipurposescognitive radio is an open research problem. In general the main research challenges in thisdomain can be reduced to the following:• Obtain a precise and concise representation of the radio environment (e.g., available resources,number of active users, transmission standard used, source localization) by using some NodeLayer and Network Layer information• Define the optimal configuration of the Network Layer according to a given goal (e.g., SPDmetrics) and the perceived radio environment• Develop algorithms and techniques for providing the capability of learning from the experience inorder to face unforeseen and unexpected situations (e.g., a malicious user), that means theEmbedded System Device’s Network Layer is equipped with cognitive capabilitiesPUD2.3.2Issue 5 Page 95 of 122
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