LEEUWENHOEICS OBSERVATIONS.5spattered or dashed into the said dish. With the first water that fell into the dish,I washed itvery clean, and then flung the water away, and receiv'd fresh into it,butcould discern no living creatures therein ; only I saw many irregular terrestrial partsin the same. The 3oth of May, after I had, ever since the 26th, observ'd every daytwice or thrice the same rain-water, I now discovered some but very few, exceedinglittle animals, which were very clear. The 3ist of May, I perceived in the samewater more of those animals, as also some that were somewhat bigger. And, Iimagine, that many thousands of these little creatures do not equal an ordinary grainof sand in bigness And :comparing them with a cheese-mite, to be like that of a beeto a horse :For, the circumference of one of these little animals in water, is not sobig as the thickness of a hair in a cheese-mite.OBSERV.IV." June Qth, having received, early in the morning, some rain-water in a dish,as before, and pouredit into a very clean wine-glass, and exposedit about 8 of theclock in the morning to the air, about the height of the third story of myhouse, to find, whether the little animals would appear the sooner in the water,thus standing in the air :Observing the same accordingly the loth of June,I imagin'd I saw some living creatures therein ;but because they seem'd to be butvery few in number, nor were plainly discernible, I had no mind to trust to thisobservation. The nth of the same month, seeing this water move in the glass froma stiff gale of wind (which had blown for thirty-six hours without intermission,accompanied with a cold, that I could very well endure my winter-cloaths,) I didnot think I should then perceive any living creatures therein ; yet viewingit attentively,I did, with admiration, observe a thousand of them in one drop of water,which were of the smallest sort, that I had seen hitherto.OBSERV. V." The Qth of June I put of the same rain-water in a very clean wine-glass on mycounter of study, and viewing the same, I perceived no living creatures in it."The loth of June, observing the mentioned rain-water, which now had stoodtwenty-four hours in my study, I noted some few very small living creatures inwhich by reason of their extreme minuteness I could see no figure, and among therest I discovered one that was somewhat greater, of an oval figure. Note, that whenI say I have viewed the water, I mean, that I have viewed only three, four, or fivedrops of the water, which I also flung away." The nth of June, looking upon the water afresh, I saw the said little creaturesagain, but there were then but very few of them.'The 1 2th, I saw them as the day before; besides I took notice of one figuredlike a mussel-shell, with its hollow side downwards, and it was of a length equalto the eye of a louse. OBSERV. VI."The i ;th of this month of June it rained very hard and I;catched some ofthat rain-water in a new porcelain-dish, which had never been used before, but foundno living creatures at all in it,but many terrestrial particles, and, among others,such as I thought came from the smoak of smith's coals and some thin thrids, tentimes thinner than the thrid of a silk-worm, which seemed to be made up of globuls ;and where they lay thick upon one another, they had a green colour. The 26th,having been eight days out of town, and kept my study shut up close, when I wascome home and did view the said water, I perceived several animalcula, that werevery small, and herewith I desisted from making at this time any further observationsof rain " water.Mean time, this town of Delft being very rich in water and we receiving fromthe river Maase fresh water, which maketh our water very good ;I viewed this waterdivers times, and saw extream small creatures in it, of different kinds and colours;and even so small, that I could very hardly discern their figures: But some were
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY.much bigger, the describing of whose motion and shape would be too tedious :this only I must mention here, that the number of them in this water was far lessthan that of those found in rain-water ;for I saw a matter of twenty-five of them inone drop of this town-water, that was much. In the open court of my house I havea well which is about 15 foot deep, before one comes to the water. It is encompassedwith high walls, so that the sun, though in Cancer, yet can hardly shine much uponit. This water comes out of the ground, which is sandy, with such a power, thatwhen I have laboured to empty this well, I could not so do it but there remainedever a foot's depth of water in it. This water is in summer time so cold, that youcannot possibly endure your hand in it for any reasonable time. Not thinking atall to meet with any living creatures in it (it being of a good taste and clear), lookingupon it in September of the last year, I discovered in it a great number of livinganimals, very small, that were exceeding clear, and a little bigger than the smallestof all that I ever saw ;and I think, that in a grain weight of this water there wereabove 500 of these creatures, which were very quiet and without motion. In thewinter I perceived none of these little animals, nor have I seen any of them thisyear before the month of July, and then they appeared not very numerous, but inthe month of August I saw them in great plenty."July 27, 1676, I went to the sea-side at Schevelingen, the wind coming from thesea with a very warm sun-shine ;and viewing some of the water very attentively, Idiscovered divers living animals therein. I gave to a man, that went into the seato wash himself, a new glass bottle, bought on purpose for that end, intreating him,that being on the sea, he would first wash it well twice or thrice, and then fill it fullof the sea water ;which desire of mine having been complied with, I tyed the bottleclose with a clean bladder, and coming home and viewing it, I saw in it a littleanimal that was blackish, looking as if it had been made up of two globuls. Thiscreature had a peculiar motion, after the manner as when we see a verylittle flealeaping upon a white paper ;so that itmight very well be called a water-flea but;of that little animal which Dr. Swammerdamit was by far not so great as the eyecalls the water-flea. I also discovered little creatures therein, that were clear, ofthe same size with the former animal which I first observed in this water, but of anoval figure, whose motion was serpent-like. I took notice of a third sort, whichwere very slow in their motion Their :body was of a mouse-colour, clear towardsthe oval point ;and before the head, and behind the body there stood out a sharplittle point angle-wise. This sort was a little bigger. But there was yet a fourthsort somewhat longer than oval. Yet of all these sorts there were but a few ofeach, so that in a drop of water I could see sometimes but three or four, sometimesbut one." Observations of water, wherein whole Pepper had layn infused several dayes." i. I having several times endeavoured to discover the cause of the pungencyof pepper upon our tongue, and that the rather because it hath been found, thatthough pepper had layn a whole year in vinegar, yet it retained its full pungency 1;did put about \ of an ounce of whole pepper in water, placing it in my study, withthis design, that the pepper being thereby rendered soft, I might be enabled thebetter to observe what Iproposed to myself. The pepper having layn about 3weeks in the water, to which I had twice added some snow-water, the other waterbeing in great part exhaled I ;looked upon it the 24. of April 1676, and discoveredin it, to my great wonder, an incredible number of little animals of divers kinds and ;among the rest some that were 3 or 4 times as long as broad ;but their wholethickness did, in my estimation, not much exceed that of the hair of a louse. Theyhad a very pretty motion, often tumbling about and sideways and when I let the;water run off from them, they turned as round as a top, and at first their bodychanged into an oval, and afterwards, when the circular motion ceased, theyreturned to their former length."The 26th of April I took 2\ ounces of snow-water, which was almost threeyears old, and which had stood either in my cellar or study in a glass bottle well
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UN1CELL ULAR NA TURE. 5 5of the ent
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CUTICULAR ELEMENTS. 57substance the
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EXCRETED ELEMENTS. 59by the interca
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EXCRETED ELEMENTS. 6 1transparent,
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ENCYSTMENT. 63corresponding type of
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LOCOMOTIVE AND PREHENSILE APPENDAGE
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ORAL APERTURE. 67Oral Aperture or C
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CONTRACTILE VESICLES. 69shadowed. A
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CONTRACTILE VESICLES.71in the major
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NUCLEUS OR ENDOPLAST. 73to indicate
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NUCLEUS OR ENDOPLAST. 75Spirostomit
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NUCLEOLUS OR ENDOPLASTULE. 77with t
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COLOURING SUBSTANCES. 79held to ind
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TRICHOCYSTS. 8 1crowded together an
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TRICHOCYSTS. 83follow it,and being
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BINARY DIVISION. 85that remain, red
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EXTERNAL GEMMATION. 87entire oblite
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SPORULAR MULTIPLICATION. 89four, ei
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GENE TIC REPROD UCTION. 9 1and the
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GENETIC REPRODUCTION. 93illustrated
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GENETIC REPRODUCTION. 95capsules we
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GENETIC REPRODUCTION. 97be essentia
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ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES.90as known, i
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ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES.IOIunicellula
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ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. 103position.
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ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. 105forming t
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DIS TRIE UTION. \ O 7plete covering
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DISTRIBUTION.IOQIn an enumeration o
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DISTRIBUTION. I Ihunting grounds. A
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PRESER VA TION. I 13Preservation of
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ME THODS OF INVES TIGA TION. I I5fo
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METHODS OF INVESTIGA TION.1 1^only
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RED I; TUBERVILLE NEEDHAM. 119simil
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JOHN HARRIS ; SPALLANZANI.l 2 rfor
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LORENZ OKEN; EHRENBERG. 123moment w
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POUCHET ; PASTEUR. 125Director of t
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PROFESSOR TYNDALL. 127now to be sup
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PROFESSOR TYNDALL. I29needle-dip fr
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PROFESSOR TYNDALL. 131tubes, as giv
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DALLINGER AND DRYSDALE. 133four day
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A UTHOKS INVESTIGA TIONS. 13 5and D
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A UTHORS INVESTIGA TIONS. 13 7or le
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AUTHOR'S INVESTIGATIONS. 139and lai
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A UTHORS INVESTIGA TIONS. 1 4 1clos
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( 143 )CHAPTER V.NATURE AND AFFINIT
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NATURE AND AFFINITIES OF THE SPONGE
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CLASSIFICATION OF THE INFUSORIA.197
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MULLERS CLA SSIPICA TOR Y S YSTEM.
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EHRENBERG'S CLASSIFICATORY SYSTEM.2
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S TEIN'S CLA SSIFICA TOR Y S Ki TEM
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A UTHOKS CLASSIFICA TOR Y S YSTEM.
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A UTHOKS CLASSIPICA TOR Y S YSTEM.
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CLASS FLAGELLA TA. 2 I7more extensi
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GENUS TRYPANOSOMA. 219Trypanosoma s
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;,HAB.GENUS REPTOMONAS. 22$immediat
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ORDER RA DIO-FLA CELLA TA.225Podost
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Body subspherical orGENUS ACTINOMON
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GENUS SPONGASTERISCUS. 229Spongocyc
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Cladomonas.ipidodendrtSpongomonas.D