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PRIMARY SUBDIVISIONS A UTHOKS S YSTEM. 3 5many new species are figured and described in this volume, and also theentire assemblage of the sponges or Porifera. For this group, and withreference to the characteristic discoidal configuration of the introceptivearea, the title of the DiSGOSTOMATA, as previously proposed,is still retained.In the third section of the Protozoa, as here defined, the highest degree oforganization is arrived at. Here alone, and for the first time, a singlesimple or often highly differentiated oral aperture or true mouth is metwith, for which reason the group appropriately commands the title of theAssociated with this section are found the majority of thoseEUSTOMATA.organisms that collectivelyconstitute the class Infusoria in the moremodern acceptation of the term, it embracing the majority of the Ciliata,the Cilio-Flagellata, and such Flagellata as Euglena and Chilomonas,in which the presence of a distinct and circumscribed oral aperture hasbeen clearly demonstrated. With the fourth and remaining natural Protozoicsection, the oral or inceptive apparatus exhibits a remarkable andhighly characteristic structural modification. This is not, as in the precedinggroups, restricted to a definite area, nor is it associated indefinitelywith the entire general surface of the creature's body. In place of this, avariable and usually considerable number of flexible retractile tentacle-likeorgans radiate from diverse irregularly disposed or definite regions of theperiphery, each of which subserves as a tubular sucking-mouth, or for thepurposes of grasping food. The representatives of this section, includingthe so-called suctorial animalcules of Claparede and Lachmann, or Tentaculiferaof Professor Huxley, may be literally described as many-mouthed,and appropriately designated the POLYSTOMATA.A tabular view of these four sections of the Protozoa as above defined,with their included classes, orders, and characteristic genera,is herewithannexed. Upon examining this table it will be apparent that thesecondary subdivisions or classes of the Protozoa, as therein defined, byno means coincide precisely with those more comprehensive and fundamentalsections or groups into which the sub-kingdom may, as justproposed, be primarily divided. Thus, within the section of the Pantostomataare found comprised the whole of the class Rhizopoda, and aportion only of the Flagellata. The remainder of this last-named classfalls partly within the section of the Discostomata, which so far as knownincludes Flagelliferous Protozoa only, and partly within the more highlydifferentiated group of the Eustomata while within the boundaries of the;latter section are included, in addition to the Stomatode Flagellata, theentire class of the Ciliata. It is in point of fact altogether impossible inany such arbitrary and necessarily artificial, lineally arrangedtable toadequately and intelligibly illustrate the innumerable cross-relationshipsor lines of evolution that undoubtedly connect these various orders andclasses with one another. The special diagrammatic scheme given on thepage succeeding that of the tabular view, has therefore been constructedby the writer with the purpose of as far as possible indicating, with thefollowing explanation, the more obvious of these affinities :D 2
THE SUB-KINGDOM PROTOZOA.TABULAR VIEW OF THE SECTIONS, CLASSES, ORDERS, AND TYPICAL GEM.K AOF THE SUB-KINGDOM PROTOZOA.Sections.A.PANTOSTOMATA.Ingestive area diffuse.B.DISCOSTOMATA.Ingestive area discoidal,not constituting a distinctmouth.C.EUSTOMATA.Ingestive area takingthe form of a singledistinct mouth.D.and multiple.Classes. Orders.
Page 3: aoamoa
Page 6 and 7: "Our little systems have their day,
Page 9: TOTHOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, LL.D.,F.R.S.
Page 12 and 13: viiiPREFACE.experience some disappo
Page 14 and 15: XPREFACE.ready and valuable assista
Page 16 and 17: LEEUWENHOEtfS OBSERVATIONS. 3relate
Page 18 and 19: LEEUWENHOEICS OBSERVATIONS.5spatter
Page 20 and 21: LEEUWENHOEK'S OBSERVATIONS.Jstopped
Page 22 and 23: SIfi E. KING, 1693. JOHN HARRIS, 16
Page 24 and 25: STEPHEN GRA Y, 1696. LEEUWENHOEK, 1
Page 26 and 27: HENRY BAKER, 1742, 1753.13"Oct. 6th
Page 28 and 29: O. F. MULLER, 1773-1786. 15ledge of
Page 30 and 31: EHRENBERG, 1836. 17Notwithstanding
Page 32 and 33: F. DUJARDIN, 1841. T. VON SIEBOLD,
Page 34 and 35: FRIEDRICH STEIN, 1849-1854. 21cules
Page 36 and 37: CLAPAREDE AND LACHMANN, 1858-1860.
Page 38 and 39: F. STEIN, 1859. R. M. DIES ING, 184
Page 40 and 41: ANDREW PRITCHARD, 1861. H. JAMES-CL
Page 42 and 43: DALLINGER AND DRYSDALE, 1873-1875.
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER II.THE SUB-KINGDOM PROTOZOA
Page 46 and 47: AFFINITIES OF THE SPONGIDA. 33ordin
Page 50 and 51: AUTHORS PHYLOGENETIC SCHEME. 37DIAG
Page 52 and 53: FLA CELLA TA -PANTOS TOMA TA ; FLA
Page 54 and 55: CHOANO-FLAGELLATA; MYCETOZOA. 41acc
Page 56 and 57: MYCETOZOAj LABYRINTHULIDA. 43From t
Page 58 and 59: GROUPS PROTISTA AND MONERA. 45of th
Page 60 and 61: DISTINCTION BETWEEN PROTOZOA AND PR
Page 62 and 63: ( 49 )CHAPTER III.NATURE AND ORGANI
Page 64 and 65: AUTHORS CLASSIFICATORY TABLE.TABULA
Page 66 and 67: UNICELL ULAR NA TURE. 5 3dissolutio
Page 68 and 69: UN1CELL ULAR NA TURE. 5 5of the ent
Page 70 and 71: CUTICULAR ELEMENTS. 57substance the
Page 72 and 73: EXCRETED ELEMENTS. 59by the interca
Page 74 and 75: EXCRETED ELEMENTS. 6 1transparent,
Page 76 and 77: ENCYSTMENT. 63corresponding type of
Page 78 and 79: LOCOMOTIVE AND PREHENSILE APPENDAGE
Page 80 and 81: ORAL APERTURE. 67Oral Aperture or C
Page 82 and 83: CONTRACTILE VESICLES. 69shadowed. A
Page 84 and 85: CONTRACTILE VESICLES.71in the major
Page 86 and 87: NUCLEUS OR ENDOPLAST. 73to indicate
Page 88 and 89: NUCLEUS OR ENDOPLAST. 75Spirostomit
Page 90 and 91: NUCLEOLUS OR ENDOPLASTULE. 77with t
Page 92 and 93: COLOURING SUBSTANCES. 79held to ind
Page 94 and 95: TRICHOCYSTS. 8 1crowded together an
Page 96 and 97: TRICHOCYSTS. 83follow it,and being
Page 98 and 99:
BINARY DIVISION. 85that remain, red
Page 100 and 101:
EXTERNAL GEMMATION. 87entire oblite
Page 102 and 103:
SPORULAR MULTIPLICATION. 89four, ei
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GENE TIC REPROD UCTION. 9 1and the
Page 106 and 107:
GENETIC REPRODUCTION. 93illustrated
Page 108 and 109:
GENETIC REPRODUCTION. 95capsules we
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GENETIC REPRODUCTION. 97be essentia
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ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES.90as known, i
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ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES.IOIunicellula
Page 116 and 117:
ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. 103position.
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ZOOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. 105forming t
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DIS TRIE UTION. \ O 7plete covering
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DISTRIBUTION.IOQIn an enumeration o
Page 124 and 125:
DISTRIBUTION. I Ihunting grounds. A
Page 126 and 127:
PRESER VA TION. I 13Preservation of
Page 128 and 129:
ME THODS OF INVES TIGA TION. I I5fo
Page 130 and 131:
METHODS OF INVESTIGA TION.1 1^only
Page 132 and 133:
RED I; TUBERVILLE NEEDHAM. 119simil
Page 134 and 135:
JOHN HARRIS ; SPALLANZANI.l 2 rfor
Page 136 and 137:
LORENZ OKEN; EHRENBERG. 123moment w
Page 138 and 139:
POUCHET ; PASTEUR. 125Director of t
Page 140 and 141:
PROFESSOR TYNDALL. 127now to be sup
Page 142 and 143:
PROFESSOR TYNDALL. I29needle-dip fr
Page 144 and 145:
PROFESSOR TYNDALL. 131tubes, as giv
Page 146 and 147:
DALLINGER AND DRYSDALE. 133four day
Page 148 and 149:
A UTHOKS INVESTIGA TIONS. 13 5and D
Page 150 and 151:
A UTHORS INVESTIGA TIONS. 13 7or le
Page 152 and 153:
AUTHOR'S INVESTIGATIONS. 139and lai
Page 154 and 155:
A UTHORS INVESTIGA TIONS. 1 4 1clos
Page 156 and 157:
( 143 )CHAPTER V.NATURE AND AFFINIT
Page 158 and 159:
NATURE AND AFFINITIES OF THE SPONGE
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( 195 )CHAPTER VI.SYSTEMS OF CLASSI
Page 210 and 211:
CLASSIFICATION OF THE INFUSORIA.197
Page 212 and 213:
MULLERS CLA SSIPICA TOR Y S YSTEM.
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EHRENBERG'S CLASSIFICATORY SYSTEM.2
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CLASSIFICATORY SYSTEMS OF SIEBOLD A
Page 218 and 219:
CLAPAREDE AND LACHMANWS CLASSIFICAT
Page 220 and 221:
DIESINGS CLASSIFICATORY SYSTEM. 207
Page 222 and 223:
S TEIN'S CLA SSIFICA TOR Y S Ki TEM
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A UTHOKS CLASSIFICA TOR Y S YSTEM.
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A UTHOR'S CLA SSIPICA TOR Y S YSTEM
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A UTHOKS CLASSIPICA TOR Y S YSTEM.
Page 230 and 231:
CLASS FLAGELLA TA. 2 I7more extensi
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GENUS TRYPANOSOMA. 219Trypanosoma s
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GENUS MASTIGAMCEBA . 221The some ha
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;,HAB.GENUS REPTOMONAS. 22$immediat
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ORDER RA DIO-FLA CELLA TA.225Podost
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Body subspherical orGENUS ACTINOMON
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GENUS SPONGASTERISCUS. 229Spongocyc
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Cladomonas.ipidodendrtSpongomonas.D
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