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346 Conclusionthe Internet, even as we have seen a steady growth in user-generatedcontent (Fabos 2004). A digital-divide agenda focused on technology accessdoes not address what Jenkins and his colleagues (2006) have called the“participation gap.” The more complex and socially contextualized skillsof creating digital media, sharing information and media online, socializingwith peers in networked publics, and going online to connect withspecialized knowledge communities require both high-end technologyaccess and social and cultural immersion in online worlds (Seiter 2007).We suggest that the notion of networked publics offers a framework forexamining diverse forms of participation with new media in a way that iskeyed to the broader social relations that structure this participation. Indescribing new media engagements, we look at the ecology of social, technical,and cultural conditions necessary for certain forms of participation.When examining the kind of informal, peer-based interactions that are thefocus of our work, we find that ongoing, lightweight access to digitalproductiontools and the Internet is a precondition for participation inmost of the networked public spaces that are the focus of attention for U.S.teens. Further, much of this engagement is centered on access to social andcommercial entertainment content that is generally frowned upon informal educational settings. Sporadic, monitored access at schools andlibraries may provide sufficient access for basic information seeking, but itis not sufficient for the immersed kind of social engagements with networkedpublics that we have seen becoming a baseline for participationon both the interest-driven and the friendship-driven sides.On the friendship-driven side, participation in online communicationand gaming is becoming central to youth sociability. As described inchapter 1, youth who are shut out from these networks for technical oreconomic reasons often develop creative work-arounds, such as going to afriend’s house to play games, befriending the computer-lab teacher, orusing a digital camera as an MP3 player. The fact that these friendshipdrivenpractices are so widely distributed in youth culture functions as adriver for a kind of bottom-up universal-access agenda. Although there arestill kids who are excluded from participation, they get a substantial pushof both motivation and peer support because these practices are part ofthe common currency of youth social communication. For example, as wediscuss in chapter 6, although most kids were not well versed in web designand HTML, they generally could find a friend who could help them with