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26.10, Arist. 360a 33-b 5, Olymp. in Mete. 169.12-12-20, Olymp. arab. 1 16.25- 1 17.3). cf. Mab. 11.193.6, 9-10 (< Shifa" 59.17-19). - 124.6-8 (wind and rain): < Mab. II.193.5?, cf. Nic. 26.17-21. - 124.8-9 (rain helps wind): < Mab. II.193.10-12? (< Shifa" 59.19-60.1) + Nic. 25.23 (cf. kist. 361a 19). - 124.10-125.1 (w. helps r.): < Nic. 26.23-27 (cf. Mab. II.193.12-13 < Shifii" 60.34). - 125.1 (r. dismisses w.): < Nic. 26.22-23 (cf. Mab. 11.193.8-10 < Shif5" 60.6-8). - 125.1-2 (w. dismisses r.): < Mab. 11.193.7-8? (< Shifa" 60.8-9) + Nic. 26.20-21?. *Whirlwind: 1253-7: < Mab. 11.193.17-21 +DM 143.26-27 (< 395a 7-8). - 125.7-8: < DM 143.25-26 (< 395a 6-7). - 125.8-11: < Mab. 11.194.2-3 (< Shifii" 61.1-2). - 125.11-12: < Mab. II.194.4-5 (< Shifa" 61.6-7; ci. Nic. 35.8-9 [scholion] < Olymp. 13.12-13). *Wind directions: 126.1-127.5 : < Mab . II. 194.10- 17 (< Shifa" 61.12- 17) & DM 142.30- 143.19 (< 394b 19-35). *Earthquakes: 127.6-9 (cause of earthquake): < Mab. 11.205.19-21 + Nic. 37.9-10. - 127.10-128.1: Mab. 11.206.2 & Nic. 40.7-8,9-11 (< Arist. 368a 14- 15). - 128.13: < Nic. 40.3-7. - 128.3-5: < DM 146.19-22 (< 3%a 12-14). - 128.5-7: < Nic. 38.22-23 (< Arist. 367a 4-9). - 128.7-9: < DM 146.12-15 (< 3%a 5-8). - 128.9-129.1: < Nk. 41.14-17 (< Arist. 368b 22-32). - 129.1-5: < Nic. 35.20-31 (< Arist. 365a 19-25+). - 1295-7: < Nic. 36.13-16 (< Arist. 365b 14). - 129.7-9: < Nie. 36.21 -23.30 (< Arist. 365b 6-12). - 129.9-130.2: < Nic. 37.25-30 (< Arist. 366a 13-23). - 1302-3: < Nic. 38.1-8 (< Arist. 366b 2-7). - 130.34: < ?. - 130.4-5: < Nic. 38.10-12 (< Arist. 366b Table 2: Order of Topics Cand. Section 2: Earth 1. Its nature and form 2. Its colour 3. Mountains 4. Sand 5. Metals and Minerals 6. Origin of Metals 7. Origin of Minerals 8. Immobility of earth 9. Division of earth 10. Longituddatitude 1 1. Seven climes [231 12. Noah 13. Indians 14. Persians 15. Persians 16. Greeks Section 4: Air 17. Its nature 18. Cloud, rain etc. Mab. 1.i. cloud etc. [18] ii. illusions iii. halo [I 91 iv. rainbow [20] v. mock sun [21] vi. lance [22] 11.i. thund./lightn. [23] ii. thunderbolt [24] iii. "fired' [25] iv. sh. star. comet [26] v. on extinction of fire vi. conflagration [27] vii. wind [29-3 11 1II.i. earth and water ii. inhabited world iii. climate iv. uses of water v. earthquakes [32] Nic. DM 10- 1 1 : preliminaries 1 1-1 2: shooting stars [25] 12: fires in skv 12- 13: come& [26] mist 1181 dew [I81 clou d 1181 rain [I81 13- 14: Milky Way [28] snow [18] , 14-15: cIoud etc. [la] 15-16: snowfiost etc. [18] hail [18] 16- 18: hail [18] 18: wind/rivers etc. wind wind names [3 11 [lacuna] whirlw. etc. [30] 19: Tartarus thund./lightn. 19-24: sea thunderbolt [24] 24-35: wind [29] 35-41: earthquake f32] raimbow [20] 41 -43: thund-flightn. [23] halo [ 191 43-45: whirlwind etc. [30] shoot. star [25] 45-46: thunderbolt etc. [24] comet [26] 46-48: halo etc. "torches" etc. 48-52: halo [19] 52-54: rainbow [20] "sources" in Nic. - Cf. Aetius 111.7.2 and Aetius hb.. ed: Daiber (1980) 176.20.
THE GRECO-SYRIAC AND ARABIC SOURCES OF BARHEBRAEUS MINERALOGY 19. Halo [lacuna] (321 20. Rainbow 1V.i. stones 5560: minerals 2 1. Mock-sun ii. mountains [3,4] 22. Lance iii. uses of mountains 23. Thunder1 lightning iv. class. of minerals [5] 24. Thunderbolt etc. u. metals 25. Shooting stars vi. format. of metals [6] 26. Comets vii. other minerals [7] 27. Conflagration viii. on alchemy 28. Milky way ix. floods 29. Wid 30. Whirlwind 3 1. Directions of winds 32. Earthquakes 5. Conclusion earthquakes One striking feature which emerges from the study whose results are sumrnarised above is the heavy reliance Barhebraeus makes on non-Christian authors. In his discussion of mineralogy and meteorology he relies almost exclusively on three sources, K. al-mabdhith al-mashriqiyyah of the Muslim Fakhr al-Din al-Rm-, and the Syriac versions of the De mundo and Nicolaus' Compendium, which are works of pagan Greek authors. Similarly in his discussion of geography, he seems to rely mostly on the Muslim Biriini and the pagan Ptolemy. Among Christian authors whom we might have expected Barhebraeus to use, Bar Kepha is used in the section on geography, but I have so far found no positive trace of Bar Kepha's work in the parts on mineralogy and meteorology and no trace, for example, of Bar Shakko's works in any of the parts examined here. Even if we allow for the fact that all the passages studied here belong, as stated in the introduction above, to the "philosophicaYscientific", as opposed to "dogmatic", portions of Cand., the almost complete absence of quotations from Christian authors is remarkable. One can here only speculate on the intentions behind Barhebraeus' choice of his sources, but a partial explanation for the choice is probably to be sought in his desire to use the best scientific literature available. In using the works of Fakhr al-Din al-RM, he was using the most uptodate material available in the 13th century, while in turning to the Pseudo- Aristotelian De mundo and Nicolaus' compendium of Aristotle, he was going back as close as he could to the Aristotelian sources. Noteworthy also is the role given to the Mab&ith in the discussions of mineralogy and meteorology. A look at Table 1 above shows that under each subheading for the individual mineralogical or meteorological phenomena, the first place is usually taken up by a passage taken from the Mab3ith. - Since in dealing with each phenomenon Barhebraeus usually begins with a discussion of how the phenomenon 259
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