Nutrition in Combat Sports

15 Taekwondo 275
Table 15.5 Distribution of injury rates per 1,000 athlete-exposures (95%CI) for cerebral concussions
Study Males Females
Zemper and Pieter [67]
Pieter and Lufting [82]
Pieter et al. [69]
Pieter et al. [70]
Pieter and Zemper [77]
Koh et al. [71]
Beis et al. [72]
Koh and Watkinson (80)
Kazemi and Pieter (73)
Pieter et al. (74)
Table 15.6 Distribution of rates per 1,000 athlete-exposures (95%CI) for time-loss injuries
Study Males Females
Zemper and Pieter (67) 23.58 (5.09–52.25) 13.51 (1.78–28.80)
Pieter and Lufting [82] 22.90 (9.94–35.86) 9.68 (1.27–20.63)
Pieter [86]
33.45 (27.31–39.59) 23.03 (15.71–30.35)
Pieter et al. (69)
27.13 (7.03–47.23) 8.77 (8.42–25.96)
Pieter and Bercades [87] 25.64 (9.90–61.18) 23.81 (22.86–70.48)
Koh et al. (71)
33.56 (18.85–48.27) 14.22 (2.84–25.60)
Beis et al. [88]
6.85 (1.78–11.92) 2.43 (2.33–7.19)
Pieter et al. [89]
20.41 (0.41–40.41) 21.74 (0.44–43.04)
concussion after one head blow with 17% of women sustaining a concussion after
three head blows. None of the athletes lost consciousness [80] .
15.4.4 Time-Loss Injuries
4.72 (4.53–13.97) 4.51 (4.32–13.34)
15.27 (4.69–25.85) 3.23 (3.09–9.55)
15.50 (0.31–30.69) 8.77 (8.42–25.96)
12.82 (12.31–37.95) – (–)
7.04 (4.22–9.86) 2.42 (0.04–4.80)
10.07 (6.04–26.18) 4.47 (2.10–11.04)
0.98 (0.94–2.90) – (–)
55.15 (27.24–83.06) 49.30 (12.78–85.82)
6.85 (0.90–14.60) – (–)
– (–) – (–)
A measure of the severity of injuries is typically expressed in time-loss injuries, i.e.,
those that result in the athlete having to miss practice or competition for 1 day or
more after the injury [67] . Table 15.6 displays rates for time-loss injuries in taekwondo.
Although some rates within gender are higher than others, they are not
necessarily statistically significant. The Greek women recorded the lowest injury
rate [88] , which is statistically different from their American [67, 86] and European
colleagues [69, 87] , as well as those competing in the 1999 World Taekwondo
Championships [71] . The injury rate for the Greek men [88] was significantly different
from that of their American counterparts [86] and those participating in the
1999 world championships [71] .
Although several studies have reported time-loss injuries (see Table 15.6 ),
only some have specified the exact time loss involved. For instance, Pieter and
Zemper [77] revealed that most cerebral concussions led to 7 days or less away