Nutrition in Combat Sports

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86 J. Gauthier force the sport underground where the medical controls would be nonexistent, the consequences being much higher health risks to fighters than if the sport had not been legally banned. Apparently, I am not the only one to be concerned about the moral consequences of a ban. In an essay on the legal ban of boxing, Jones [40] expressed similar concerns. Instead of calling for a ban of specific forms of combat sport, I think it would be better to call for a ban of combat sport practices deemed to be unsafe and ethically unacceptable. For example, the links between punches to the head, permanent brain damage, and fatal injuries are well established. Probably, direct punches or kicks to the head should be forbidden in all combat sports, even when competitors are required to wear protective equipment to prevent fatalities or serious injuries. If all combat sports are regulated so as to ensure the protection and the safety of those who compete, then there will be no need to advocate for any combat sport to be banned. While reform may appear more desirable than an outright ban, it is not entirely without risk, as reform may well force some combat sport to go underground. However, this risk may be relatively low, low enough to make reform or regulation ethically more acceptable than a ban of any specific form of combat sport. There is so much revenue and profit involved in combat sports that some forms of combat sports are willing to follow much stricter rules to avoid a ban. For example, in mixed martial arts competitions, fighters are now forbidden to headbutt, stomp, or knee an opponent on the ground, strike the throat, spine, or back of the head. In addition, they must fight within a predetermined weight class, and are allowed only one fight per night. All those changes are major, and are implemented with sanctioning. To conclude, combat sports do raise ethical and safety issues. These issues may be better addressed through regulation or reform than through a legal ban of any form of combat sport deemed to be unacceptable for ethical or safety reasons. In my opinion, this approach is fair in that each combat sport is given the opportunity to review its rules for competition, and is given a chance to operate legally. It also minimizes the risk of forcing a sport underground. A ban should be considered only as a last and ultimate resort when everything else has failed. Further Reading British Medical Association. Boxing: An update from the Board of Science. September 2007. Retrieved from http://web.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/boxing Buse GJ. No holds barred sport fighting: A 10 year review of mixed martial arts competition. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(2):169–172. Landers DM, Arent, SM. Physical activity and mental health. In: Singer RN, Hansenblas HA, Janelle CM (eds) Handbook of Sport Psychology. New York: Wiley; 2001, pp. 740–765.
5 Ethical and Social Issues in Combat Sports 87 Marino G. If birds were doing it, it would be banned. The Wall Street Journal – on line, March 1, 2007. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/ SB117271066794622761.html?mod=most_viewed_leisure24 The United States Martial Arts Federation. Code of Ethics. Reno, Nevada: The United States Martial Arts Federation. Available at http://www.usmaf.org/info/ ethics.htm Web site http://www.trinity.wa.edu.au/plduffyrc/issues/boxing.htm References 1 . Gorn EJ . The Manly Art: Bare-Knuckle Prizefighting in America . Ithica, NY : Cornell University Press ; 1986 . 2 . Sugden J . Boxing and Society: An International Analysis . Manchester : Manchester University Press ; 1996 . 3 . Wong Kiew Kit . The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu . Shaftesbury : Element ; 1996 . 4 . Brailsford D . Sport and Society . London : Routledge/Kegan Pau l; 1969 . 5 . Ford J . Prizefighting: The Age of Regency Boximania . Newton Abbott : David and Charles ; 1971 . 6 . Sutton N . Gongfu, Guoshu & Wushu: State appropriation of the martial arts in modern China . Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 1993 ; 2 (3) : 102 – 114 . 7 . Lewis P . The Martial Arts: Origins, Philosophy, Practice . London : Prion ; 1996 . 8. Muzila T. Traditional karate – vs- full contact karate. Black Belt Magazine; 1992 March 4. Retrieved from http://www.blackbeltmag.com/searchdb/bbm/1992/March/4.html 9. Ligo N. The living legend of Mas Oyama. Black Belt Magazine; 1994 April 9. Retrieved from http://www.blackbeltmag.com/searchdb/bbm/1994/April/9.html 10 . Dempsey S . In support of total fight . Fighters. 1999 ; 22 (5) : 43 – 44 . 11. Greaney J. Fists fly over ultimate fight. The Advertiser (Prestwich-Whitefield-Radcliffe- Cheetham Hill Crumpsall edition); 1989 September 23, p. 1. 12. Dempsey S. Total men? Combat. 2000; 26(10):74. 13 . Lawlor R . Stop these death fights ! Combat. 1999 ; 25 (6) : 36 – 37 . 14. Robertson J. State Readies for First Martial Arts Fight After Ban Lifted. Sacunion.Com. 2006 March 4. Retrieved from http://sacunion.com/pages/state_capitol/articles/7906 15 . Miedzian M . Boys Will Be Boys . London : Virago ; 1992 . 16 . Friman HR . The art of regulation: Martial arts as threats to social order . Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 1998 ; 7 (3) : 10 – 23 . 17 . Corsellis JA . Boxing and the brain . Br Med J. 1989 ; 298 : 105 – 109 . 18 . Hasdell L . Lee Hasdell Rules the Ring . Combat. 1999 ; 25 (9) : 72 – 77 . 19. Popiolkowski J. Combat sport in the spotlight. Stateline.Org, 2005 July 20. Retrieved from http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136&languageId=1&content Id=43941 20 . Hotten J . Unlicensed: Random Noted from Boxing’s Underbelly . Edinburgh : Mainstream ; 1998 . 21 . Bataille G . Eroticism . London : Marion Boyars ; 1987 . 22 . Cox JC . Traditional Asian martial arts training: A review . Quest. 1989 ; 41 : 366 – 388 .
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Combat Sports Medicine
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Editors Ramin Kordi, MD, MSc (Sport
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vi Preface pre-participation physic
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viii Contents 11 Professional Athle
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2 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox The scien
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4 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox with tech
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6 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Table 1.3
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8 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox afterward
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10 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Accordin
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12 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox where ra
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14 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox losses t
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16 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox circumst
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18 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox Despite
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20 L.M. Burke and G.R. Cox 31 . Arm
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22 C.A. Horswill Table 2.1 Current
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24 C.A. Horswill 2.2.3 Martial Arts
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26 C.A. Horswill After the wrestler
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28 C.A. Horswill 56 55 54 53 52 51
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30 C.A. Horswill to simulate combat
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32 C.A. Horswill growth data (NHANE
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Page 44 and 45: 36 C.A. Horswill References 1. Stee
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Page 48 and 49: Chapter 3 Sport Psychology in Comba
Page 50 and 51: 3 Sport Psychology in Combat Sports
Page 62 and 63: 56 F. Halabchi substances). Many ot
Page 64 and 65: 58 F. Halabchi the existing evidenc
Page 66 and 67: 60 F. Halabchi Table 4.1 (continued
Page 68 and 69: 62 F. Halabchi offered no further a
Page 70 and 71: 64 F. Halabchi 4.6.1 Amphetamine Am
Page 72 and 73: 66 F. Halabchi retention, myopathie
Page 74 and 75: 68 F. Halabchi Positive Finding rep
Page 76 and 77: 70 F. Halabchi There are still appr
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Page 80 and 81: 74 J. Gauthier their art in an effo
Page 82 and 83: 76 J. Gauthier sports. To the spect
Page 84 and 85: 78 J. Gauthier worth investigating
Page 86 and 87: 80 J. Gauthier matches, which are p
Page 88 and 89: 82 J. Gauthier 5.4.5 Enjoyable Aest
Page 90 and 91: 84 J. Gauthier this overall relatio
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Page 96 and 97: 90 P. McCrory et al. 6.2 Injury Rat
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Page 100 and 101: 94 P. McCrory et al. The symptoms,
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Page 104 and 105: 98 P. McCrory et al. neuropsycholog
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Page 110 and 111: 104 P. McCrory et al. Web sites www
Page 112 and 113: 106 P. McCrory et al. 51 . Stewart
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 7 Blood-Borne Infections in
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Page 126 and 127: Chapter 8 Skin Infections in Combat
Page 128 and 129: 8 Skin Infections in Combat Sports
Page 140 and 141: 136 C.B. Pasque 9.2 ACL Injuries in
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138 C.B. Pasque surgery may also be
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140 C.B. Pasque maximal exercise le
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142 C.B. Pasque Studies reporting s
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144 C.B. Pasque extremity trauma. U
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146 C.B. Pasque 6 . Griffin LY , Al
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148 C.B. Pasque 56 . Birrer RB , Bi
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Chapter 10 Children in Combat Sport
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10 Children in Combat Sports 153 ce
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10 Children in Combat Sports 155 ma
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10 Children in Combat Sports 157 Ta
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10 Children in Combat Sports 159 If
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10 Children in Combat Sports 161 Ma
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10 Children in Combat Sports 163 sh
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10 Children in Combat Sports 165 Ta
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10 Children in Combat Sports 167 Fi
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10 Children in Combat Sports 169 of
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10 Children in Combat Sports 171 28
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Chapter 11 Professional Athlete Mar
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11 Professional Athlete 175 11.2 We
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11 Professional Athlete 177 Table 1
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11 Professional Athlete 179 If the
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11 Professional Athlete 181 There a
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11 Professional Athlete 183 complai
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11 Professional Athlete 185 could w
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11 Professional Athlete 187 4. Reti
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11 Professional Athlete 189 occur m
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11 Professional Athlete 191 Table 1
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Chapter 12 Boxing Peter Jako Learni
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12 Boxing 195 In 1994, the Medical
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12 Boxing 197 capacity of a boxer h
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12 Boxing 199 12.9 Developing Stren
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12 Boxing 201 Fig. 12.2 Rupture of
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12 Boxing 203 Second impact syndrom
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12 Boxing 205 Table 12.5 Neurocogni
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12 Boxing 207 ear-nose-throat speci
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12 Boxing 209 Fig. 12.4 An anteropo
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12 Boxing 211 Return to boxing afte
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12 Boxing 213 7. Medical Handbook o
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216 R.R. Wroble allows holds only a
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218 R.R. Wroble joint through a ran
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220 R.R. Wroble sprains/strains is
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222 R.R. Wroble must be stopped. Ti
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224 R.R. Wroble 38.7% of wrestlers
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226 R.R. Wroble whom were wrestlers
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228 R.R. Wroble injuries over an 8-
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230 R.R. Wroble The most common sol
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232 R.R. Wroble 13.4.6 Meniscus Inj
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234 R.R. Wroble 13.5.2 Catastrophic
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236 R.R. Wroble 13.6.1 Physical Cha
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238 R.R. Wroble contact. Contact wi
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240 R.R. Wroble Preventive measure
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242 R.R. Wroble and competitions, a
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244 R.R. Wroble Mysnyk MC , Albrigh
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Chapter 14 Judo Craig White and Pip
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14 Judo 249 indicates increasing ma
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14 Judo 251 3. What are the muscle
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14 Judo 253 anterior band being put
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14 Judo 255 only occur at 2-3 month
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14 Judo 257 - Break grips made by t
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14 Judo 259 Advanced levels of knee
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14 Judo 261 As sports doctors and p
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Chapter 15 Taekwondo Willy Pieter L
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15 Taekwondo 265 15.2 Performance C
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15 Taekwondo 267 Boey and Xie [39]
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15 Taekwondo 269 15.4 Taekwondo Inj
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15 Taekwondo 271 study, there are n
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15 Taekwondo 273 15.4.3 Injury Type
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15 Taekwondo 275 Table 15.5 Distrib
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15 Taekwondo 277 Table 15.7 Percent
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15 Taekwondo 279 Tsai et al. [99] a
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15 Taekwondo 281 Moon [105] reveale
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15 Taekwondo 283 25. Pieter W , Taa
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15 Taekwondo 285 71. Koh JO , de Fr
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Chapter 16 Karate Rafael Arriaza Le
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16 Karate 289 In 1993, WUKO changed
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16 Karate 291 of kicking and sweepi
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16 Karate 293 RC / ppm RC / ppm 250
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16 Karate 295 Table 16.1 Injury cla
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16 Karate 297 5. Nunan D. Developme
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300 S.F. Martinez Table 17.1 Tradit
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302 S.F. Martinez 17.4 Internal “
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304 S.F. Martinez and defensive man
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306 S.F. Martinez 17.6 Sanshou Sans
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308 S.F. Martinez Fig. 17.3 Contemp
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310 S.F. Martinez event, a review o
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312 S.F. Martinez 17.8.5 Cervical S
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314 S.F. Martinez 17.9 Lacerations
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316 S.F. Martinez Fig. 17.6 MRI sho
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318 S.F. Martinez Initial treatment
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320 S.F. Martinez complete meniscec
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Chapter 18 Mixed Martial Arts Grego
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18 Mixed Martial Arts 325 it demons
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18 Mixed Martial Arts 327 fighters
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18 Mixed Martial Arts 329 Although
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Chapter 19 Kickboxing George J. Bus
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19 Kickboxing 333 the style became
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19 Kickboxing 335 Photo courtesy of
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19 Kickboxing 337 of elite amateur
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19 Kickboxing 339 trates the means
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19 Kickboxing 341 contrast to Gartl
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19 Kickboxing 343 training (e.g., s
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19 Kickboxing 345 Macan et al. disc
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19 Kickboxing 347 Considering the m
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19 Kickboxing 349 17 . Plisk SS . S
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Index A ACL. See Anterior cruciate
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Index 353 Corneal abrasion, 186 Cot
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Index 355 injuries classification s
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Index 357 S Saengsirisuwan, V., 341
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Index 359 forearm, wrist, hand, and
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